The Hair Loss Disease Alopecia Areata Essay - 1116 Words

The Hair Loss Disease Alopecia Areata Alopecia areata is a non-life threatening hair loss disease. It may not literally kill you, but in other ways deep down it could. I know this from my personal life. I have been an individual that has been suffering from alopecia for the past six years. It’s not easy living in this world with it. I feel at times that it’s a pain just to go to school and be in public with my disease. It does not matter where you go but people are always starring at you and whispering about you, because you have no hair or bald spots throughout your scalp. I know that my disease has changed me and made me be the person that I am. Due to always looking different to others, I’ve grown to never judge people by their†¦show more content†¦Many of the facts and the on set of the hair loss are unknown. Many doctors and researchers have came up with a great amount of hypothesis and theories on the disease. Many suggest that it is an autoimmune disease. They also suggest that itâ €™s where ones own immune system prevents hair follicles from producing hair fiber. As I was doing my research I came across the autoimmune part and totally lost. It’s a breakdown in the immune system. As we know every person produces their own cell types that fight off disease and infection. In order to fight off the bad bacteria our bodies must be able to recognize the bad known as antigens (often proteins) on the surface of the UN wanted invaders. Everyone’s immune system should be able to recognize the bad, and be able to fight it off. In an autoimmunity this is where the immune system is not able to recognize the invaders and fight them off. This is not known for sure if this is what alopecia areata is. It is a hypothesis, it’s based on certain antigens in the hair follicle. Many reports and printouts I came across kept saying, â€Å"the etiology of alopecia areata is entirely unknown(e.g. Price 1991, Parret 1984, Paus 1993). According to (editorial 19 84) evidence hair loss is a result of immune system activity. Which is then classified as an autoimmunity. This evidence is based on observations of an immune cell in and around the hair follicles (Parret 1984) and the knowledge that someShow MoreRelatedSymptoms and Treatment: Alopecia Areata1402 Words   |  6 Pagesterms, alopecia is a term used in medical circles to refer to baldness. With that in mind, it can be noted that alopecia areata is just one of the many conditions associated with hair loss. In most cases, the condition is occasioned by some round patches of bald spots in the affected individuals head. In some cases, affected individuals can experience total hair loss. In this text, I will discuss the condition and amongst other things highlight its causes, symptoms and treatment. Alopecia Areata Read MoreEssay on Disease Integumentary System698 Words   |  3 PagesA Disease of the Integumentary System September 28, 2011 Abstract There are many diseases that affect the Integumentary system, due in some part to the fact that it contains the largest organ in the human body, which is the skin. The some of these diseases can be seen as rashes, dark spots, or just patches of itchy areas. The disease that will be discussed in throughout this paper is called Alopecia Areata. One will cover areas such as a description of the disease, as well as the causes,Read MoreSolutions to Hair Loss in Men and Women Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesInc and the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery, 35 million men and 21 million women in the United States were experiencing hair loss as of July 2013. Hair loss can have many causes and subsequently there are many solutions. 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There is a wide spectrum that results in having alopecia ranging from inflammation, harsh chemicals, mental disorders too hereditary Kapes, Beth A., et al. Alopecia. (2015)Read MoreEssay 10 Ways You DidnT Know You Are Losing Your Hair751 Words   |  4 Pages10 Ways You Didnt know You Are Losing Your hair Losing hair can be an annoying experience for a lot of people, and is a more common thing than you might think. Nevertheless, many of us dont take the time to check out why our hair is falling out, and find out if anything can be done to reverse the effects. Most of these scenarios bring about a condition called Telogen effluvium, whereby your hair falls out because of a stressful event. In effect, your body decides to conserve its energy in orderRead MoreHair Loss And Skin Loss809 Words   |  4 Pagesabout Hair Loss and Treatments to get rid of it Hair loss is a major issue because it not only a complex medical condition but also affects every aspect of the sufferer’s life. Here is good news to the people of Sheffield because we provide resources and support to those who are seeking out solution to hair loss problems. We cover different types of surgical and non-surgical hair loss treatment that is tailored to your specific needs. Overview: The thinning of hair on the scalp is called hair lossRead MoreEssay on Hair Loss Treatments999 Words   |  4 PagesAn effective hair loss treatment can proceed after indentifying the cause of hair loss. Hair loss is a condition affecting both men and women. There are several causes of hair loss. In men, hereditary factors play an important role in hair loss. Such a condition is termed as male pattern baldness or androgenetic alopecia. This is linked to elevated levels of DHT in the scalp. This is characterized by hair loss in the temples and top regions of head and presence of thinning hairs elsewhere. Read MoreAloe Vera Extract as Hair Grower and Sampaguita as Fragrant      Ã‚  1460 Words   |  6 PagesAloe Vera Extract as hair grower and Sampaguita as fragrant      Ã‚   Abstract:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hair loss is a problem that faces millions of people, including men, women and even children.   Aloe Vera has been used by many different cultures to stimulate hair growth, and it is safe, natural and affordable. It’s no secret that Aloe Vera is good for your hair and scalp.   If you are suffering from excessive hair loss, reducing the amount of chemicals you put in your hair is an important first step.

Not Waving but Drowning (Poetry Analysis) Free Essays

Not Waving But Drowning (Poetry Analysis) In the poem by Stevie Smith, Not Waving But Drowning there are a number of elements that are intriguing and to the reader. The poem is mostly spoken from a narrative point of view, but it may infer a first person perspective because it centers on a man who is apparently misunderstood by those around him, including the speaker that recalls the tragic scene. The poem paints a conflicting image of a man that has fallen to the sea because despite his efforts in seeking help, his outward appearance and his behavior betray his true desperation. We will write a custom essay sample on Not Waving but Drowning (Poetry Analysis) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not Waving But Drowning’s poetic form that is seemingly free verse, as it does not have a consistent rhythm throughout the entire poem, although it does consist of some rhyming and some element of structure: â€Å"Poor chap, he always loved larking And now he’s dead It must have been too cold for him his heart gave way, They said (Smith, 1957)†. Free verse poetry is used widely by modern poets and many seem to suggest an idea or feeling to the reader. The poem also consists of an interesting use of symbolism that may suggest an underlying subject that is being addressed. In the poem, Smith may be trying to convey personal thoughts about abandonment to the audience. This can be referred to the fact that Smith herself had a difficult past with the passing of her mother in her early adult life and that her father had left his family behind to pursue a career in sailing (Booth, 2002). The poem seems to incorporate metaphors of an ocean and how a drowning person’s callings for help may be misinterpreted for joyous hand gestures of ‘waving’. The sound and tone of the poem is serious, given that it seems to touch on the subject of death, confusion and desertion. The use of words in Stevie Smith’s Not Waving But Drowning seem to have limited use of alliteration due to its free verse structure, as this example shows: â€Å"Nobody heard him, the dead man, But still he lay moaning: I was much further out than you thought And not waving but drowning (Smith, 1957)†. Although there is a distinctive use of assonance in the poem as the words â€Å"moaning† and drowning† have similar vowel sounds. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books Booth, A. (2002). Stevie Smith. Critical Survey Of Poetry, Second Revised Edition, 1-8. How to cite Not Waving but Drowning (Poetry Analysis), Papers

Monarch Apple Orchard free essay sample

Monarch Orchards Case Monarch Orchards, Inc. is one of the largest and most profitable apple orchards in New England. In addition to its commercial enterprise of growing and shipping several varieties of apples and fresh cider, it boasts a widely known antique picking orchard including varieties of apple trees dating back to the American Revolution. Forty Jamaican workers are employed from August to November each year by Monarch Orchards, Inc. The Jamaicans are the only employees in the company who pick the apples, moving from earlier to later varieties as these mature for market. The apple crop is the primary product of the orchard, with cider sales and picking fees accounting for a small part of annual profits. At the end of each picking season, before moving on to other jobs in the south, following an age-old custom the Jamaicans slaughter a goat in celebration. Though the practice is commonplace in their homeland, certain animal rights advocates in the community surrounding Monarch Orchards hold that this ritual slaughtering should be considered cruelty to animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Monarch Apple Orchard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each year their pressure has grown to ban the practice. The group is currently rallying support to boycott all Monarch Orchards products until the sacrifices stop. The Jamaican workers have informally communicated through their supervisor that if they are not allowed to have their goat celebration, they will not return to Monarch for next year’s picking season. Taken by surprise, the orchard owners are trying to decide what to do next. The principal owner said it boils down to letting them continue the celebration and try to weather the boycott, or forcing them to stop the celebration and watch the crops rot on the trees. How would you recommend the orchard owners precede? The owners should put in place a contingency plan which may include: * Working with other apple orchard owners to create a mutual apple picking agreement to be activated in times of emergency such as weather related events, manpower shortage etc. This would allow for other orchards to lend a hand by loaning equipment or labor to bring in the apples at a reasonabl e price. * Create a plan to make up for the shortfall of legacy apple picking knowledge, map out all the apple trees row by row. Layout blueprints for the most efficient routes for the pickers to travel provide listings of all types of apples – Honey Crisp, Mackintosh, and Fuji, Gala etc. with best estimates of when the apples will be ripe and ready to be picked. * Begin immediate meetings with the apple pickers to inform them that the long range plan of the orchard doesn’t allow for the slaughtering of the goat on Orchard property, what occurs off the property is the sole business of the apple pickers. Begin immediate meetings with the animal cruelty officials to let them know that the primary objective of the Orchard is to produce apples and not police the welfare of animals. With that said I would make it known that going forward (not current year) that there will be no sacrifice of a goat on Orchard property, but would reiterate that the plan is for future years and not the current year. The Orchard would donate a monetary sum the charity of the protestor’s choice to help ease the tens ions of the past and current year. Who loses out or may perceive they lose out in your recommended solution? Going forward the Goat will not be sacrificed on Orchard property and not in the name of the Orchard the apple pickers will have to find another location or event to do this at. The protestors win the battle but lose the war as the goat will probably be sacrificed anyhow. I see the entity having lost the most is the apple orchard, one group will be disenfranchised at the expense of the other, and in the meantime the orchard will have spent countless hours in time, dollars and avoiding bad publicity. How can you reduce their sense of loss? The protestors having lost the battle have a good news story to tell, I would instill that they successfully changed methods, procedures and values at the Orchard, allow them to inspect the Orchard and a monetary donation always helps.

Social Classes in Britain Essay Sample free essay sample

In this essay on societal categories in Britain I will largely concentrate on construction of assorted categories in Britain and dealingss between them. I will besides depict some alterations and motions which this classes went through over the old ages. Furthermore. I will set accent on today’s of import issue in Britain. the job of category battle i. e. disparity between the rich and the hapless. Although there are assorted definitions of societal category. we may state that societal category is connected with factors such as wealth. degree of instruction and business. To be more precise in specifying it. a societal category is â€Å"a position hierarchy in which persons and groups are classified on the footing of regard and prestigiousness acquired chiefly through economic success and accretion of wealth. Social category may besides mention to any peculiar degree in such a hierarchy. † [ 1 ] Social categories represent an of import portion in people’s lives because they are indispensable to proper apprehension of British history and because category is a major British preoccupation. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Classes in Britain Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page particularly in political life. Therefore. it concerned British Prime Minister John Major twenty old ages ago in such a manner that he tried to accomplish his purpose to convey about â€Å"classless society† . He didn’t accomplish that and Britain continued to be class-bound state. [ 2 ] Class is really much nowadays in Britain. Besides him. harmonizing to Margater Thatcher: â€Å"Class. † she insisted. â€Å"is a Communist construct. It groups people as packages. and sets them against one another. † [ 3 ] We may reason that to her. category has been corruption of human behavior. Today there are six societal categories in Britain established in the 1950s and used of all time since. [ 4 ] Following categorization based on the business of the caput of the family harmonizing to National Readership Survey [ 5 ] is for 2008. The upper in-between category ( class A – high managerial. administrative or professional. 4 % ) in Britain is really little and consists largely of baronage. aristocracy and familial landholders. This category is more defined by household background than by occupation or income because these people were born into households that possessed higher incomes. In other words. it represents the wealthiest category with people holding inherited money and place. The in-between category ( class B – intermediate managerial. administrative or professional. 23 % ) in Britain consists of people who are educated in either private or province schools. Typical occupations include attorneies. physicians. designers. instructors. directors. every b it good as civil retainers and other skilled occupations. The lower in-between category ( category C1 – supervisory. clerical and junior managerial. administrative or professional. 29 % ) in Britain consists of people in white-collar occupations ( do non affect manual labour ) life in less comfortable suburbs. For illustration. they are employed as retail salesmen. railroad guards. air hose air hostesss. travel agents. low degree civil retainers etc. Members of this category frequently did non hold an university instruction until 1970s enlargement in higher instruction. The skilled on the job category ( category C2 – skilled manual workers. 21 % ) consists of people who work in skilled blue-collar occupations ( frequently involve manual labour ) . chiefly in the building and fabrication industry or as self employed contractors. The semi-skilled and unskilled working category ( category D – semi and unskilled manual workers. 15 % ) in Britain consists of people who work in blue-collar occupations with low incomes. What is typical for this category is that people do non hold chance to take portion in higher instruction. Many would travel on to work semi-skilled and unskilled occupations on the assembly lines and machine stores of Britain’s major auto mills. steel Millss. metalworkss and fabric Millss in the extremely industrialized metropoliss. Category E ( province pensionaries. insouciant or lowest grade workers. unemployed with province benefits merely. 8 % ) . known as the â€Å"underclass† consists of the long-run unemployed. occasional part-time. economic immigrants. aged pensionaries and dependant on province benefits. Many would be in public lodging or council estates. [ 6 ] While the fact that people largely mix socially with other people from the same category and milieus gives the incorrect feeling of invariable state of affairs. there has ever been major motion between categories. This motion is a effect of the fact that people move from one societal category to another during working lives. [ 7 ] Some even try to acquire into another. more flush category. through matrimony or in some other manner. â€Å"Marriage outside one’s category is much more common than it used to be. Consequently. the ‘extended’ household. including cousins. will likely include people who in their societal life belong to quite different societal categories. † [ 8 ] For illustration. during the Victorian epoch. when societal category became a national compulsion. industrialists in the House of Commons tried to achieve the position of House of Lords landholders through civilization. matrimony and rubric. [ 9 ] After the Vicorian epoch. things started to alter. â€Å"The working category is quickly worsening. In 1911 three out every four employed or freelance people were manual workers. By 1950 that proportion had fallen to two out of three. but since so has fallen to 40 per cent or so. † [ 10 ] Changes besides occurred after the Second World War. â€Å"Britain’s category construction loosened after the Second World War. The landed nobility became comparatively poorer. the figure of people in manual work decreased and the 1944 Education Act opened universities to more kids whose parents could non afford private education† . [ 11 ] â€Å"From a sociological point of position the category system in Britain changed well during the ‘Thatcher Era’ . Home ownership ( on mortgage ) was extended throughout the in-between categories and below. With the loss of the bulk of traditional working category industrial occupations from the market. a new ‘underclass’ . below working category emerged. The ‘underclass’ . defined as unemployed trusting on province benefits. is the new underside of the British category system. † [ 12 ] â€Å"Since the 1950s there has been a monolithic growing of the in-between category. But there has besides been the outgrowth of a ample ‘underclass ’ . as class E is normally known. † [ 13 ] As opposite. in the 1990s. harmonizing to Andrew Adonis and Stephen Pollard there have been discovered a new upper in-between category described as ‘the ace class’ . which consisted of elect professionals and directors. which held high wages and portion ownership. [ 14 ] Because of such state of affairs. caused by the fact that the in-between category is nomadic and fluid. there has been important alteration in per centums of families since 1992. As the in-between category is spread outing. per centums of classs A. B and C1 have increased. and per centums of classs C2. D and E have decreased. â€Å"The in-between category. in peculiar. has great fluidness and mobility. †¦ Over half of today’s in-between category started life in the on the job category. † [ 15 ] But troubles arise when â€Å"despite this fluidness. the elite of society. itself a section of the professional category. takes great attention to protect itself. This includes the ‘gent ry’ category made up chiefly of landholders. and others who move in the most sole English societal circles. † [ 16 ] Therefore. societal categories with a great trade of power are normally viewed as ‘the elites’ within their ain societies. I think the job consists of that societal categories with greater power effort to procure themselves by segregate in ‘closed circle’ above the lower categories in the hierarchy but at the disbursal of the society overall. In that manner. the category differentiation between the powerful and the powerless is more emphatic. Thus we come to a really of import issue of the category struggle or the category battle which is manifested in wealth spread between the rich and the hapless in Britain. â€Å"The category battle takes assorted signifiers. The bulk of category battles today are over ‘economic issues’ . including an increasing portion of national income. † [ 17 ] â€Å"The classical reading of category battle today is between the capitalist ( or having ) category and the labor ( or working ) category. † [ 18 ] One of the most powerful sociological accounts of societal struggle is that of Karl Marx. who posited a category battle between labor and middle class intrinsic to capitalist. industrial society. â€Å"Here is Karl Marx: ‘The history of all hitherto bing society is the history of category struggles† . [ 19 ] For Marx. category was the kernel of history an d of human behaviour and for Thatcher. as stated above. category has been the corruption of both. â€Å"Class may non be the kernel of history in the manner that the Marxists and public assistance province progressives one time believed. But neither is it the perversion of history that Margaret Thatcher claims. Taking a long and wide position. alterations in popular perceptual experiences of British society have been at least every bit of import as alterations in British society itself. and it is in the germinating relationship between these societal perceptual experiences and societal constructions that the history of category is decently to be found and to be studied. † [ 20 ] Throughout the last three centuries of Britain’s history. there has been much less grounds of category consciousness and category struggle than Marx erroneously asserted. Furthermore. it is an sarcasm that. long before John Major made the phrase stylish during the 1990s. Marx had predicted that a ‘classless society’ would one twenty-four hours come into being. [ 21 ] â€Å"Finally. the division between categories will widen and the status of the exploited worker will deteriorate so severely that societal construction prostrations: the category battle is transformed into a proletarian revol ution. The workers’ victory will extinguish the footing of category division in belongings through public ownership of the agencies of production. With the footing of categories therefore wiped off. a egalitarian society will result ( by definition ) . and since political power to protect the middle class against the workers is unneeded. political authorization and the province will shrivel off. † [ 22 ] But despite everything said. the category system in British society is alive and good and. hence. the job of category struggle is still present. Unfortunately. the spread between the rich and the hapless in Britain has about reached a record degree. â€Å"It is besides true that the ‘top’ 1 per cent has tremendous influence and control. †¦ The top 1 per cent of wealth holders likely own about one-fourth of the nation’s wealth. a big bead from the two-thirds they controlled in 1914 but a larger proportion than one might anticipate in a modern democracy. â€Å" [ 23 ] It is rather distressing information that such disproportion and inequality exist in Britain. but unluckily the really rich merely go on acquiring richer. â€Å"The latest study by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation confirmed once more what we already know about the turning spread between rich and hapless. It says that it is now greater than it has been for the last 40 old ages. There has been an addition in the figure they define as ‘breadline poor’ to around a one-fourth of all families. † [ 24 ] â€Å"By contrast the wealth of the richest in society has immensely increased. This year’s Sunday Times ‘rich list’ shows that the addition in wealth of the top 1. 000 people in Britain has been 20 % in one twelvemonth to around ?360 billion. You have to hold ?70 million merely to acquire on the bottom round of that list. † [ 25 ] That sort of informations surely tell us that the spread is excessively broad and that something must be done to contract it down. I think some of the best ways to make it are: the demand for increased revenue enhancements on the super rich. equal chances ( e. g. abolition of the public school sector ) . more equal redistribution of the wealth. the transnational companies owned by the rich demand to go publically owned etc. But this would non stop the huge inequalities in British society. nor work out jobs such as category struggle because unluckily. inequality is built into the system. Merely as Dennis Gilbert asserted: â€Å"Class is bound to be in any complex society as non all businesss are equal and tha t families do organize form of interaction that give rise to societal categories. † [ 26 ] To reason. obviously societal categories affects everyone and they are decidedly relevant. as has been proven through history of Britain. When the upper category give up from insulating itself from other categories and when rich people quit mundane ‘rat race’ to better or keep their place in societal life. possibly so will Britain make beginnings of conditions for a genuinely classless society. Although. harmonizing to per centums from NRS. there have been some betterment. there is still present really broad spread between the rich and the hapless and likely will hold existed for some clip. Hence Britain must set all its attempt into contracting the wealth spread and stamp downing category battle because â€Å"classes do non be because there is a struggle ; the struggle exists because there are categories and it is easy for the strong to work the weak. The category domination is in economic favoritism and non in the colour of your tegument or your gender. To take the si de of the hapless or the rich is to take against the other. the oppressed against the oppressors. one category against the other. † [ 27 ] Bibliography 1. ) Business Dictionary. Social Class: Definition. 2010. 24 June 2011. 2. ) David Cannadine. The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain. 2010. 24 June2011. 3. ) Social class. A Categorization Tool. 2009. Ipsos MediaCT. 24 June 2011.4. ) McDowall. D. ( 2000. ) . Britain in close-up. London: Longman 5. ) James Petras. Capitalism and Class Struggle. 25 April 2011. 24 June 2011. 6. ) The Latter Rain Page. Class Struggle. 2009. 25 June 2011. 7. ) R. J. Rimmel. Marxism. Class Conflict and the Conflict Helix. 2010. 26 June 2011. 8. ) Socialist Party. Social Class in Britain Today. 30 August 2007. 26 June 2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. socialistparty. org. uk/articles/3075 gt ; 9. ) Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Social Structure of the United Kingdom. 18 June 2011. 26 June 2011. 10. ) Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Social Class: United Kingdom. 20 June 2011. 26 June 2011. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_class # United_Kingdom gt ; 11. ) Andy McSmith. The Large Question: Has the Divide Between Britain’s Social Classes Really Narrowed? . 4 November 2008. The Independent. 26 June 2011.hypertext transfer protocol: //www. independent. co. uk/news/uk/home-news/the-big-question-has-the-divide-between-britains-social-classes-really-narrowed. hypertext markup language gt ; ———————–[ 1 ] Business Dictionary. Social Class: Definition. 2010[ 2 ] McDowall D. . 2000. . p. 93.[ 3 ] Cannadine D. The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain. 2010[ 4 ] McDowall D. . 2000. . p. 93.[ 5 ] Social class. A Categorization Tool. 2009[ 6 ] Social construction of the United Kingdom. 18 June 2011[ 7 ] McDowall D. . 2000. . p. 93.[ 8 ] McDowall D. . 2000. . p. 93.[ 9 ] Social Class: United Kingdom. 20 June 2011[ 10 ] McDowall D. . 2000. . p. 93.[ 11 ] McSmith A. The large inquiry: Has the divide between Britain’s societal categories truly narrowed? . 4 Nov 2008 [ 12 ] Social Class: United Kingdom. 20 June 2011[ 13 ] McDowall D. . 2000. . p. 93.[ 14 ] Social Class: United Kingdom. 20 June 2011[ 15 ] McDowall D. . 2000. . p. 93.[ 16 ] McDowall D. . 2000. . p. 93.[ 17 ] Petras J. Capitalism and Class Struggle. 25 April 2011[ 18 ] The Latter Rain Page. Class Struggle. 2009[ 19 ] Cannadine D. The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain. 2010 [ 20 ] Cannadine D. The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain. 2010 [ 21 ] Cannadine D. The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain. 2010 [ 22 ] R. J. Rimmel. Marxism. Class Conflict and the Conflict Helix. 2010 [ 23 ] McDowall D. . 2000. . p. 95. [ 24 ] Socialist Party. Social Class in Britain Today. 30 August 2007 [ 25 ] Socialist Party. Social Class in Britain Today. 30 August 2007 [ 26 ] Social Class: United Kingdom. 20 June 2011[ 27 ] The Latter Rain Page. Class Struggle. 2009

Stanford White Essays - William Rutherford Mead, Stanford White

Stanford White Essays - William Rutherford Mead, Stanford White Stanford White Stanford White, the son of Richard Grant White a noted writer, editor, music critic, and Shakespearean scholar, was born in New York City on November 9, 1853. As a boy, he showed a talent and interest in drawing and the arts, which was greatly encouraged by his family. Although he had no formal training in art, he attended private schools and studied under tutors, Stanford White demonstrated a remarkable artistic gift; he was able to convey an outdoor atmosphere or a particular mood on paper. He wanted to follow a career as a painter, but did not know how to prepare himself. Most American painters were self taught, and art instruction was scarce at the time, so White went to painter John La Farge, a friend of his father, for advice. La Farge bluntly told young White to abandon his thoughts of a career as a painter. He suggested that White should try a career in architecture instead. At the age of sixteen, White was introduced to Henry Hobson Richardson, one of the first Americans to study at the Ecole de Beaux Arts in Paris. The Ecole de Beaux Arts served as the first source for formal American architecture. When Richardson met the tall, thin freckle faced child, he was impressed with White?s enthusiasm, an enthusiasm that later characterized him as a mature man. At the age of nineteen, after studying for a while in New York, White went to work for Richardson in New York as a student draftsman. White quickly developed skill in design. He worked with as one of Richarson?s chief assistants on many important works. While working, White met his future partner Charles McKim, who also attended the Ecole de Beaux Arts, and worked for Richardson the same time White did. In 1872, McKim left his job to start his own architectural firm with William Rutherford Mead and William Bigelow as partners. White left Richarson?s office on an extended visit to Europe ! in 1878. When he was in France, he met up with McKim again, and the two traveled together through southern France and Spain. In 1880, as a result of the trip, White was asked to join McKim and Mead as partnership; Bigelow had retired.McKim, Mead, and White had a very successful partnership, which can be seen in all the buildings they designed. In 1884, White married Bessie Springs of Smithtown. Three years later, they had a son, Lawrence Grant White, who later went on to become an architect, join with his father?s firm in 1914, and in 1920 become a partner. White was a connoisseur of beautiful things in architecture, other arts, antiques, decoration, and in women. One woman White found to be attractive was a sixteen year old artist model and chorus girl, Evelyn Nesbit, with whom he became romantically involved. White at the time was living apart from his wife. He was living in New York city, and she was living in their house in St. James. A few years later, Evelyn Nesbit married Harry K Thaw, the son of a rich railroad tycoon. Thaw lived a wild life, and was said to be a drug addict. He was madly jealous over the affair his wife had, before they were married, with White. Stanford White died, at the age of fifty-three, at the height of his fame and popularity. On the evening of June 5, 1906, while attending the summer opening of the Garden?s Roof Show, White was killed by Harry Thaw, who had approached and shot him from the rear. Stanford White was a man of his times; he was definitely a colorful person who believed in living well. For two decades, he was a commanding force in New York life. As well, he was a leading man in turn of the century, upper class New York social life. Which would have been different had it not been for White?s strong personality and influence at the center of so many events. As an architect, he maintained high standards for comfort and design, with some of his buildings being the most notable of the time. With his partners, White dominated his profession in the United States for some time. The firm of McKim, Mead, & White was

Animal Abuse Essay

Animal Abuse Essay Animal Abuse Essay Animals are sometimes treated as friends but are also treated as enemies. We keep them as pets, but if it suits us, we slaughter them in their own habitats and in slaughterhouses. If we could kill them in a quick and pain-free way, like a special injection, which is not harmful to us, it would be a lot nicer to the animals being killed. However, the scenes in slaughterhouses are ones of bullying and torture. The people hurt the animals in the most horrific ways possible, for example, slitting their throats while they are still alive and dropping them from great heights to break their legs and necks and other bones. These are just two of the many ways of slaughter that are used today. Meat is needed for a good healthy diet. We should not hunt animals for sport or make them do silly circus tricks like, standing on their heads and climbing on top of other animals. Angling might be the only exception to this because without angling, the rivers would be over populated with fish (who have a very small memory span anyway). It could disrupt the food chain. Hunting wild animals and reptiles is not necessary. The food chain would be just fine if we stopped wild animal hunting, for example, fox hunting, wild cat hunting, elephant hunting, crocodile hunting and whale hunting. We should not kill animals for fur. Thousands of years ago, our ancestors wore animal skins and furs to keep warm and dry. Today we have man made fibres to make such garments. We can also buy man made clothes that look and feel just like real fur, if not more comfortable. There is no need for us to kill these poor innocent creatures for status symbols. It takes many more than five lynxs to make one small fur coat. It is disgusting. How would you like it if some bigger stronger creature than yourself killed you for your hair or your bones so they can make clothes out of your hair and food delicacies out of your bones? It should be made illegal. We should also stop testing cosmetics on animals like rabbits and rodents. We need to test important medicines and drugs on animals because otherwise, the effects on us could be very harmful. I say this because new drugs for epilepsy were tested on my uncle, without his consent, and now he is mentally ill. He cannot walk very well. He cannot read or write very well. He has to live in a home for mentally disabled people like himself. This was all because a few people were against animal testing. It is horrific. It is much better that an animal suffers than a human. .

Annalyzing Alice Walker The Color Purple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annalyzing Alice Walker The Color Purple - Essay Example She tells Him that she is only 14 and is already burdened with responsibilities of her siblings and the household, sexually abused by her father and pregnant twice. Innocent Celie is confused as to why these things are happening to her and asks God the reason, saying that she has â€Å"always been a good girl†. (Walker, 1) The letters written by Celie to God and later to Nettie, her sister, symbolizes her voice. Her initial letters to God were symbolic to her emotions that were very private, and therefore not for everyone’s eyes. It also shows her isolation as she has no one else to talk to. The only love she has in her life is that of her sister Nettie. They both share an unusual bond of very deep love. The story takes a turn for worse when Celie is married off to a much older man, who is a widower with children and has no respect for Celie. He treats her like a slave and uses her like a sex object, while continuing his affair with Shug Avery. Shug was first introduced to Celie through a photograph which is symbolic to her belonging to a very different world, a place where beauty exists and not like Celie’s world which is devoid of beauty. Celie, after marriage has a life much the same as before marriage. Nettie, on the other hand, in order to escape her father leaves home and comes to stay with Celie but later she escapes this place as well in order to escape the advances of Mr.__ (Celie’s husband). The separation of the two sisters further adds to the misery of Celie. Carrie and Kate, sisters of Mr.__ had good relations with Celie. Kate was the one who had made Celie believe that she deserved â€Å"more than this†. (Walker, 21) The climax of this book is the growing affection between the protagonist and her husband’s love interest, Shug Avery. Their mutual affection and closeness (even sexual relationships) helps these two women to overcome their personal problems. Shug is the one who brings Celie to the joys of sexual communion and it is from

Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting Experience Paper Essay

Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting Experience Paper - Essay Example It was on the latter end of the session when Ms Jenny linked the reading to alcoholism. This is where people started to share insights past and present on how family relations based on their own families were affected by alcohol. I thought the meeting was done in a relaxed atmosphere and the feeling of support was all around the place. I thought it was effective for the people to sit in a circle so that the group saw and heard each other with ease. The article was very effective in evoking insights on alcohol. The facilitator didn't start to pose questions to people, rather, the article led the discussion. It was able to open up discussion on alcoholism without much effort in asking people to share. I believe the meeting being not too short and too long is essential in keeping the people inspired to attend. Most of them were enjoying the sessions and this is important to keep the patients sustaining their commitment to the program. At first I was excited to get into the exercise but when I arrived early and saw Ms. Jenny and the seats arranged in a circle, I began to be nervous. I felt so incapable of the task because all my expectations came from media and television presentations that visualized the Alcoholics Anonymous as a stressful outpouring of emotions.

Enhancing quality in assessment Essay Example for Free

Enhancing quality in assessment Essay Quality assurance refers to refers to any systematic process aimed at ensuring that services and products being developed meet the specified requirements and standards (Sale, 1990). Thorough testing by the quality assurance on products and services is important so as to give developers a chance to fix glitches before new technology prior to the products or services being unleashed to the consumers (Hernon Altman, 1998). Appropriate quality assurance can also support firms in attaining a competitive edge in the trading ecosystem which is extremely complex. It can also help in improving customer acquisition and retention rates through helping in distributing cutting edge services to consumers more dependably and faster. Assessment refers to any process which appraises skills, understanding, knowledge and knowledge of an individual. The vital elements of assessment which requires being quality assured include the assessors, the assessment process, the assessment system, collecting the evidence and making the judgment (Oakland, 1989). Assessment principles propose that assessments should be reliable, fair, flexible and valid. Assessors carrying out the assessment should make sure that assessment decisions engage the evaluation of adequate evidence which will enable a judgment to be made regarding competence of an individual. Assessors judge the individuals against benchmarks or competency standards which are developed by the industry with an aim of assessing whether such individuals are competent. Individual needs of the customers should also be assessed in order to find out whether the products and services provided to them satisfy those needs. This assessment will help in understanding and improving those individual needs (Oakland, 1989). When individual needs are met this will increase the customer’s satisfaction, customer loyalty and also the company will be having a competitive edge over its competitors (Fox, 1993). In order for a company to be successful it should be able to meet the customer expectations. Customer expectations should be made public in organization where appropriate criteria should be introduced and also high standards should be set with an aim of meeting the individual needs of the customers. Also during the assessment there should be a systematical way of analyzing, gathering and interpreting evidence in order to find out how well the performance of the company matches the standards and expectations of the consumers (Harlen, 1994). The information gathered will be used in explaining, documenting and enhancing performance. This will help in creating an organization culture which focuses more on satisfying the individual needs of the consumers which will eventually increases the performance of the company (Garcia, 2009). Assessment is frequently subdivided into two categories namely formative assessment and summative assessment. Formative assessment possess a developmental purpose which is aimed at helping individuals in a company to work more effectively through giving them feedback in connection with their performance and also ways of maintaining or enhancing their performance. This will help the company in ensuring that the customers’ needs and expectations are achieved. On the other hand, summative assessment is used to show the extent of the individual’s success in attaining the assessment criteria used in appraising the intended performance outcomes of the company. Different customers have different needs and requirements and therefore companies should assess those needs in order to satisfy all their individual needs (Gitlow, 2005). Quality assurance process prevents hitches from occurring, detect and correct hitches that do happen, and promote higher standards of care. Assessment activity should be within a quality management system concerned with constant improvement. Two main factors which drives the demand for ensuring the quality of assessment include philosophy of quality management and the desire to follow the set requirements. Assuring assessment quality will leads to many benefits to the organization. Improving the consistency and quality of assessment will assist the assessors to have more confidence on their judgments, individuals to deem that they have been treated in a just way, and community, employers and other groups to value assessment judgment issued. A great concern on quality in assessment easily forms part of the overall approach of the organization and management of quality processes (Quality management and quality assurance standards, 1994). Quality assurance is very concerned on a systematic approach to enhancement that is aimed at responding and recognizing to the expectation and needs of all the groups of stakeholders in organizations. Stakeholders expect quality assessment and training carried out in an environment which is systematic that also assures its services and processes. Quality assurance processes the support staff which supports them in providing effective and efficient service that is focused appropriately on the needs of customers and clients. Quality assurance involves constant improvement (Vitale Vengroski, 1993). The cyclical approach of ‘plan, do, assess, and act’ encourages the need to execute processes, assess their efficiency and act to continue with further improvement (Fox, 1993). Organizational needs should also be assessed where all departments should be assessed and also the employees. Employees should also be allowed to have self-assessment and peer reviewed assessments so as to determine their performance and help in knowing areas to improve in order to enhance their performance (Gitlow, 2005). All the groups and stakeholders which contributes to the performance of the company should be assessed and analyze them in order to come up with effective ways of enhancing the performance of the company. This will also help in increasing customer’s satisfaction since all their needs will be assessed and therefore working towards fulfilling those needs. Assessing individual, groups and organizations needs therefore it very significant towards improving the performance of the company. References Ciccone, K. R., Lord, J. T. (1992). IQA-2: continuous performance improvement through integrated quality assessment. Chicago: American Hospital Pub.. Fox, M. J. (1993). Quality assurance management. London: Chapman Hall. Garcia, D. (2009). Quality management. Chandni Chowk, Delhi [India: Global Media. Gitlow, H. S. (2005). Quality management (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Harlen, W. (1994). Enhancing quality in assessment. London: P. Chapman Pub.. Hernon, P., Altman, E. (1998). Assessing service quality: satisfying the expectations of library customers. Chicago: American Library Association. Oakland, J. S. (1989). Total quality management. Oxford: Heinemann Professional Pub. ;. Quality management and quality assurance standards. (1994). Sydney: Standards Australia ;. Sale, D. N. (1990). Quality assurance. London: Macmillan. Vitale, B. A., Vengroski, S. M. (1993). Quality assessment and improvement in long-term care: a continuous process. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Source document

Education and Racism in the United States and Namibia :: Essays Papers

Education and Racism in the United States and Namibia Formal, lawfully shaped education is an intimate and delicate tool of human influence. It is therefore immeasurably dangerous. In light of our human history, no tool has been more effective at both propagating and dismantling national ideologies, often regardless of the content or meaning of what national ideology demands of its people. In the histories of the United States and southern Africa, formal education has been used to reinforce the political, social, economic and psychological effects of racism. Yet today, education is the prime tool of dismantling the consequences which racism begat. In studying human discrimination and aggression, systems of education become mouth pieces for power and authority. Investigating structures of education is key to understanding why things were the way they were, and why we are the way we are today. Understanding colonialism is fundamental in understanding why these two nations exist in this world the way they do. Both the United States and southern Africa share legacies of European colonists entering into land occupied by native peoples, and dominating these peoples through superior weaponry, disease, and doctrines of superiority; in short, through structures of racism. Today, in classrooms throughout Namibia and the United States, racism is a recognized and standard term of inequity and human injustice. In the States, racism â€Å"not only refers to personal prejudice toward people of other races, but also to the way that US institutions give power and privilege to white society while denying this same power and privilege to people of color† (SAN). In southern Africa, the modern understanding of racism is embodied in understanding the political movement of apartheid, and the legally enforced separation of non-whites from whites within society. The parallels between thes e two systems of human categorization and fundamental separation are startling; legally binding systems of racism developed into massive bodies of conflict and hate that stood firm until the 1960s. While South African apartheid was formally established as the law of the land in 1948, the same year saw the Civil Rights movement in the United States poised to grip the nation. At this point in time, the psychological effects of racism had turned into an enabling anger and resistance; people gradually were banding together to forcibly demand a new way of life. Segregating non-whites from whites, and offering whites better economic opportunity and improved education, effectively created societies of intense disparity along racial lines.

Ralph Lauren Branding

In section of the case study will describe the CUBE (Customer-Based-Brand-Equity) del for Ralph Lauren brands. Second section will evaluate the role of brand association in the company's success. The third section determinate Ralph Laurels brand extension decision to Rugby and the last section will be recommendations for the companies regarding stewardship of their brand in the future. 3 Section 1 1 . 1. Identity of Ralph Lauren brand Brand Salience The Ralph Lauren brand has been mainly victorious in defining a exact niche group of customer's, offering a brand knowledge that is casual yet classic.It has urbanize a whole brand experience encompassing creation, display, retail, customer service and advertising resources. Ralph Lauren has been winning in extending from luxury garments to selling Jeans, bed linen and even labeled paint. The brands are updated and transmitted across cultures; Ralph Laurels marketing with logos is present around the world. The varied products include one of the world's most widely recognized families of consumer brands. For example the Polo brand draws on themes that have been explained as â€Å"country house clout, cottages and castles and Bridgehead Revisited† (Ellwood, 2002).These all advise a shape of product character that is backward-looking and nostalgic. They also propose a form of uppercases lifestyle future to e aspiration. A digit of brand names and logos of Ralph Lauren Corp.. Advises a leisure activity of the upper classes, yet it ass been presented as available to a wider audience. It is seem as more approachable than the typical Seville tailor yet purports to offer similar brand values. One of the strengths of the organization is that the different symbols and logos are all easy to recognize and to recall also it is easy for the customers to match the different sings to the right labels.Thought their brand equity with its brand extension / brand trenching advertising strategy, they amplified awareness and profi tability form offering more than Just one product category (Ralph Lauren – main weapon, 2010). 4 1. 2. Meaning Brand Performance The Primary characteristics of Ralph Lauren brands are reflecting high quality products in all categories to the customers. The organization is offering products for different age, gender and social groups. Ralph Laurel's brand images are reflecting an upper-class society. Every customer can identify it self with the specific brand.Every make is built on individual design and style, and it is appealing o the right target market. The organization is well organized with success in different ways of service also they offering warranty (up to 10 years) for the products. The organizational Is global organelles. Ra VPN Lauren NAS attempted to secure ten legal right to use images of polo players as part of its trade dress, ad prevent to American Polo Club from doing so. The country of origin for Lauren is USA and it is reflected in some brands (RL with the US flag).The products of the organization are available in different sizes, colors, shapes and materials (Ralph Lauren Weapon – online store, 2010). The prices are different for each brand: â€Å"†¦ From the very expensive Purple Collection to the more inexpensive Polo Jeans and RL. Each label provides a full range of products and line extensions† (Seafarer, 2005). Brand imagery The visual representation of Ralph Lauren is an intelligent, people of good social standing physically fit handsome young person with timeless style. Ralph Lauren uses images of the upper-class society, horse riding, sailing, and exclusive hobbies to connote that massage about his clothes via the proximity of the two images† (Ellwood, 2002). Ralph Lauren products appeal to different age groups, starts room teens to retirees (16 to 55 years olds): â€Å"Millennial teens now wear Junior-sized versions of the DENY and Ralph Lauren garb that adults wear†¦ â€Å"(Quart, 2004). Man and women with different material status and income levels are wearing the products all over the world. The brands are present through social events such in sport tournaments.The imagery characteristics comprise a feeling of an exclusive life standard; the brand mediated an attitude of nobility, luxurious, elegance and classic style. The realm of the imaginary, of imagery and meaning is the American Wild West for Ralph Laurels RL brand (Figure 1). The organizations have unique designs; the clients can recognize the Ralph Lauren elements which are reflected in the products (Figure 2). 1. 3. Response 5 Consumer Judgments Ralph Lauren is one of the world's premier brands, generally recognized and associated with diverse designs, luxury and quality.The brand quality is well organized; it is used high-end qualities for their designs, fabrics and products. The strength of the organization is their well prepared service based on: ability of products, customer services, locations, etc†¦ (Ralph Lauren Weapon – about, 2010) The Company is a market leader in the creation, marketing and striation of premium lifestyle products in four categories: apparel, home, accessories and fragrances are not fewer than 10 brand ranges within the Ralph Lauren organization (Annual Report, 2010).Consumer Feeling The brand likeability well structured thought all product areas. The brands; Rugby and Polo reflect a sportive image to the customers and sport is connected with fun. Sport events hosted by the company they are linked with amusing and leisure. The brand stores are constructed on a warm atmosphere with friendly stuff which is important for the general view. The brands of the corporation represent a good feeling to the clients, he different logos and packaging of the goods reflects confidence, warmth, trustiness, self-respect and high quality.Ralph Lauren products mediated a comfortable feeling when clients use or wear the products (Seafarer, 2005). 1 4 Relationship Con sumer – Brand Resonance The brand is successful in transmitting a picture of loyalty to their consumers, on the other side the consumers reacting with the same result, they capturing the image of faithfulness and they groom some kind of relationship to the specific brands. The brand reflects a status of healthiness and upper-class standard, some clients want to show there live-status through the RL rodents.Ralph Laurels customers are general loyal, they trust in the quality, service and the designs. Ralph Lauren website and the RL magazine informs the clients for new products 6 and lifestyles, the company send out quality magazines and catalogues to the registered brand-loyal customers, for information's around the organization (Awoken, 2007). Enthusiasts of the brand have the option to subscribe the e-mail service to get the newest releases and information's all around Ralph Lauren on the weapon to get a direct connection to the brands, and they have also the choice to ion f an clubs such as in face-book, twitter etc†¦The Ralph Lauren organization is uploading important information's about the company for shareholders, press, customers, general viewing, investors and so on†¦ (Ralph Lauren – investor, 2010) Section 2 Ralph Laurels success in brand association can be analyses in different points (Figure 3). The diverse brand logos are reflecting a specific image to the customers. Lauren brands can be allocated in dissimilar price classes, the customers can categorize the prices, styles, and exquisite thought the specific logos.Every label responds to the right target market. Through the imagery of the signs, clients can identify which the sportive and which the elegant products are. Ralph Laurels country of origin is the USA; Laurels cooperation is established in 1968 as Polo's Fashion. The most of the products are reflecting the â€Å"Americans way of life†, RL logo is decorated with the US flag, it is a sign of liberty for the US consumers. Ralph stores are global present; the flagship of the R.Lauren stores is located in Madison Avenue in New York (Vindictiveness, 2010), private organizations are offering their products; Store in stores: Harrows (Harrows, 2010)†¦ The company is offering different rodents on their weapon (Awoken, 2007); RL goods can be found on private websites and retailers as well (my-wardrobe, 2010). The cooperation has the rights of 25 lucrative licensing (Answers, 2010), the company is offering those license in alternative products through co-branding; â€Å"Ralph Lauren has built his fashion, fragrance and home furnishings†¦ (Rotation, 2006) the company is also providing jewelry accessories. (Ralph Lauren – product, 2010) By defining the diverse fashion brands, it can be articulate that they 7 are capturing different lifestyles for the various target market, the brand Polo is eased on traditional style†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Polo, offering styles that were refined, a mix of E nglish classic and traditional American, and conveyed the image of landed gentry to a society that had little use for class† (Answers, 2010) where Rugby can be defined as sportive Ana Purple Aloe Is more elegant Ana exults etc†¦Ra VPN Laurels characters though licensing reflected in the diverse brand logos; such as POLO, the organization owns the licensing rights for the polo player design that means the logo is specially certified for use by the company (Parr, 2007). † Polo shall have the sole eight to determine which trademark shall be used in connection with each particular Licensed Product† (Finland, 2010). Ralph Lauren is the spokesperson for the organization; he is also the â€Å"face† of the brand.He is born in the street of the Bronx, the story of him is like a myth from a storybook; form no one to one of the famous designers in the world. He is present in TV, events, catwalks, fashion-shows & gossip columns (Girding, 2008). Though diverse spons orships are the organization present in events, for example; fashion shows with after parties and charity events â€Å"Foundation o support higher education a ND p roger m s w h I c h p rove did he It h ca ere n m deed IAC I lay- u n d e RSI e r Veda communities† (electrotherapist, 2010).Events for advertising plays a big role for the company, the newest gig is the AD cinema advert (Amassable, 2010). Ralph Lauren is highly distinguished with alternative awards and reviews; CAFE (Council of Fashion Designers of America) for the categories in â€Å"fashion design† and â€Å"best in business† (CAFE, 2010) and they earned an award from the NOR for the best retailer; â€Å"The National Retail Federation has selected US fashion firm Polo Ralph Lauren for its Gold Medal Award in retail. Oust-style, 2009) and so on†¦ The well known companies success is reflected in there brands, awards and products.Section 3 Ralph Laurel's brand extension decision to Rugby is exce llent, because the company is capturing a new field for their brand association. The Rugby brand talks to the younger generations, for the sportive committed target audience also known as the Gene-Y generation; †¦ Young people were not wearing Polo, and in fact the label has taken on hippies for teens and young women in light of fashion's current preppy mood. The young market from what we know buys the knit shirts, but [with Rugby], ere dressing them head-to-toe in shirts, sport coats, evenings.It's affordable and authentic,† the designer said (Lockwood, 2004). The latest objective is to capture the growing college market with a novel vertical trade concept for the brand. Ralph is now one step forward against the competitors, the organization is capturing products for every individual customer. The look of Rugby fashion stand for the college student from an earlier period; â€Å"The Rugby line represents a nostalgic look at the Ivy League experience and the ideals of a c ollegiate setting† (Hancock, 2009).Models with tattoos ND piercing are used for fashion picture-shoots; it is Rugby way to be apparent for the Gene-Y customers. The advertising strategies for the brand are build on a successful way thought; Technological factors such as a mobile device application â€Å"Ralph 8 Lauren launched a mobile app with its Fall 2008 collection and is now selling all kinds of products with this mobile technology' (Blanch, 2009). The phone app: â€Å"Make you own Rugby' is offered to clients for free download, to design their own shirts, choosing shapes, colors and uploading pictures.Every one with the app can create an individual rugby close. It was a victorious way to attract the already exist and new customers (l I ones, 2 I en organizational Is attracting ten consumers Walt n Levers events; new store openings, fashion shows, leisure activities, competitions, parties etc. All information's for events can be filtered out from Rugby weapon (Rugby â⠂¬â€œ Style Blob, 2010). The Rugby Cafe is a place where rugby clients can meet and to become acquainted with each other, it is a space where consumers can order food and drinks in a comfortable atmosphere (Rugby – Our Stores, 2010).Purchase prices for Rugby articles are more reasonable in the market; â€Å"the Rugby store offers a repay lifestyle collection at more affordable price points than Laurel's Blue Label (only available at Ralph Lauren stores) and Black Label and Collection (sold at select department and specialty stores as well as Ralph Lauren stores. ) Rugby will be around 40 percent less expensive than Blue Label in some product categories† (Lockwood ,2004) Rugby by Ralph Lauren is a triumphant way which attracts the younger generation; with the attractive, casual, sportive and leisure oriented, historic based designs and products.My first recommendation for the stewardship of Ralph Lauren cooperation future is, o produce their all products in the USA, bec ause it would be reflect more quality â€Å"made from Americans to Americans† it can be a slogan of advertising for the US market, for every other countries, it can be â€Å"made from Americans for the World†. The second recommendation is to be more different than the competitors, M. Numeric (2007) sad it before: â€Å"Differentiation, the art of standing out from the competition. It can be everything, for example; a space in Ralph Laurels website, where customers can design and buy their own Lauren sweatshirt, NIKKEI is offering this with shoes already to their clients (Nikkei, 2010) The third advice for the organization is to advertise more in the East of the globe (East and Far East). The different brands are already known in the US and Europe but not really in the East countries like; Turkey, Iran, China etc†¦ , only 1 or 2 brands (POLO, Ralph Lauren) are popular there, but what is with the other brands (chaps, purple label†¦ ) they are not really recogn ized and present in those countries.There is a powerful target market for the Ralph Lauren cooperation, with effective advertising strategies, the company can be successful in adding clients for their products, the result can be; more sales, profit, high turnover, customers, reputation and so on. My fourth proposal will be, the advice to work with other famous 9 persons together, it can be; popular designers, celebrities, politicians etc†¦ , the company can make features in the designs with those persons, it can be for example; Ralph Lauren winter collection designed by Marc Jacobs or Beam's graphic design on Lauren shirts†¦Those features can attract more customers to buy Ralph Lauren products and it will be a good social advertising for the organization. The last point of y recommendations will be that the company can produce their products ecological responsive. They can use for the manufacture of Ralph Lauren products environmental friendly materials; colors, fabrics / garments, recyclable goods etc. A big organization like R. Lauren can reduce the carbon emissions significantly and that would be a positive respond from the clients.

Pros and Cons in Fox Hunting

In this paper I will discuss the issues surrounding foxhunting. I will mention the pros and the cons and then I will decide if fox hunting should be criminalized. I will begin with the pros. Just a little intro on foxhunting and what it is. In Britain mostly England foxhunting is a popular sport. Hunters set out on horse back following hounds witch are following the scent of foxes. When the hounds find the fox they rip it apart and the hunters watch this happen and then go off to find more foxes. The foxhunters generally wear coats of bright scarlet, called pinks. The members of the club support the hunt, and the Master of Fox Hounds (MFH) usually maintains it. Some of the pro points of fox hunting are, the fox is a pest and its population needs to be controlled. Farmers are concerned and agree with this. Responsible fox management includes maintaining a healthy population at a level, which it can grow without threatening livestock or other wildlife. Fox hunting is the most natural method of management: by its nature it takes out the old sick and injured foxes. Fox hunting does not just help control fox numbers, landowners with an interest in fox hunting plant and maintain coverts, woodlands and copses for the benefit of all wildlife. If it wasn't for fox hunting they would over populate and they would eventually have to be caught and be shot or gassed. Foxes cause significant lamb, piglets, and poultry losses. Scientific estimates vary from 0. 5% to 5. %; even at 2% the cost to a typical farmer with 1500 lambs and piglets is worth over $2200. Without control the percentage would increase considerably. If there was a ban on fox hunting 15,000 people whose jobs directly depended on fox hunting would be out of work, some 14,000 foxhounds would have no future, as these working pack hounds would not make suitable pets. The species is not endangered Now on to the cons of the subject, the official foxhunting season begins on November 1st and continues through April. Some hunts even go into May. Fox cubs are usually born in March, which means that a pregnant and nursing vixen (female fox) are hunted and killed by hounds. Incidents of vixens being killed and unborn cubs being scattered around by the hounds at a kill, these have been recorded on film. There are also several recorded instances of hounds attacking small pet dogs and cats which, although fatally savaged survived the initial attack, further evidence that the hounds do not kill their prey instantly. Generally people see it as a cruel blood sport that should be banned. Many have argued that if fox hunting is banned jobs will be lost, however this is unlikely to happen because labor and other resources associated with fox hunting would be reinvested in other enterprises and activities. Drag and bloodhound hunts represent a cruelty-free alternative to mounted fox hunting. Drag hunting involves riding horses across open country in pursuit of a scent left by a human, either running on foot or trailed on scented â€Å"drag† from a horse. Bloodhound hunts differ from drag hunts in that there are fewer hounds and the hounds chase a human quarry (e. . a local athlete), rather than dragged artificial scent. Because of this few, if any jobs would be lost if the people that were involved in fox hunting chose to participate in either of these activities. A ban would also increase the availability of resources previously used by hunting to other rural business. For example, horse stables could be converted to living accommodation or office space. Overall, it would appear that a ban on fox hunting is unlikely to have any significant negative effect on rural employment. Existing evidence suggests that many jobs will be saved or created by a switch to drag or bloodhound hunting, and by the growth of new activities. Now for my conclusion if fox hunting should be criminalized, both sides have good arguments but I am against foxhunting because there are other methods of getting rid of the fox. From the research I have done I noticed that the hunters don†t just go after the fox because there is too much of them, but they also get a rush out of it. That†s why there are drag hunting and bloodhound hunts. A survey was done by 1000 farmers and they found that support for fox and drag/bloodhound hunting was fairly similar. 56% of farmers would not allow drag/bloodhound hunting on their land, compared to 48% opposed to foxhunting. Based on these findings, the league against cruel sports extrapolated that as many as 60 000 farmers in the UK, covering up to 7. 5 million hectares of land, would allow drag hunts on their land. Jobs would not be lost because the people and the hounds can transfer to drag hunting. I believe that a ban on foxhunting would be beneficial toward the economy and a new era would begin.

Informative Essay Sample on Chinese Ethical Systems

Informative Essay Sample on Chinese Ethical Systems Free sample essay on Chinese Ethical Systems: Throughout the world many philosophies have been created in order to better understand the world which we live in. These philosophies are all very interesting, but all are very different. Philosophies change not only through geography, but people from the same family may have very different philosophies. The Chinese have always been admired for their diverse philosophies. Three of the main philosophies of China are Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Confucius was a great philosopher who came from humble beginnings, but would later change the world with his ground breaking ideas and philosophies. Confucius believed that social and harmony could be achieved by focusing on five basic relationships: ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, friend and friend. A certain code of conduct regulated each relationship. Confucius pressed the youth to practice filial piety. Confucius’ beliefs are the basis of an ethical system called Confucianism. Another well known philosophy is that of a man named Laozi. Laozi believed that all things are guided by a mystical force called the Dao, or â€Å"The Way.† Daoism teaches that one must follow the Dao. One must let everything happen naturally, for all is inevitable. Daoism is represented by three main beliefs: Yin and Yang, Wu Wei, and The Three Jewels. Yin and Yang represent the negative and positive principles of the universe. One cannot exist without the other. â€Å"There is no good without evil.† Wu Wei is doing all things so it seems effortless. This is much like following the natural flow of nature, or following the Dao. The Three Jewels are three characteristics that Taoists cherish: compassion, which leads to courage; moderation; which leads to generosity; and humility, which leads to leadership. On the contrary, Legalists believe that an efficient and powerful government is the key to order. Rewards should be given to hard workers, and disobedient peoples should be harshly punished. In Legalism, the law is the governing power, not the ruler. This system helped China to become unified and stay unified over a long period of time, even through terrible rulers. Though Legalism may not be the friendliest of ethical systems, it has proved to succeed where others have failed, by finally unifying China. So it is easy to see the differences in philosophies of the Chinese. Strengthen your relationships, follow the natural way, or stick to the law, these thoughts are the creations of ancient China’s greatest thinkers, greatest philosophers, greatest â€Å"lovers of wisdom.† They differ in ideas, focuses, and teachings.

Markting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Markting - Term Paper Example ces to be offered in the sleep boxes to the customers include pull-down seats where customers can relax for study, sleeping shades that block out light, air conditioners, alarm clocks, and water dispensers. The company will also provide free Wi-Fi internet access, luggage storage area, and electrical sockets for phone or laptop charging. The main competitive edge of our company is the strategic location next to airport. Some travelers may be unfamiliar with the city, the sleep boxes will provide them the opportunity to relax and rest. Our company has a competitive edge since many visitors will avoid the hassle of looking for a hotel or moving around with their baggage. The location of our company has ensured customer convenience and reduced the costs of delivering the services to our target customers. The company is located in rented airport facilities that are secure and friendly thus enabling the customers to attain unique relaxation experience. Our company has positioned itself as the low cost provider of per pay hour sleeping services provider in major airports. The aggressive pricing strategy will involve billing the customer per the number of hours they wish to use the sleep box. The hourly rates will be twice cheaper than the rates charged by hostels and hotels in the adjacent cities. Our company will promote its services through bill boards at the airport entrance and exit points. The company will also utilize the word of mouth to expand its market share and gain brand recognition. There are few companies offering such sleep boxes services thus the company will increase its target market share without any stiff competition in the industry. Our company will streamline the service delivery process by ensuring customer convenience and fostering customer loyalty. All the required services will be delivered promptly and bed sheets will be changed immediately. Our company will be able to provide the physical evidence to the customers. Our company will also

Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negotiation - Essay Example The negotiating team from the side of the management took a tough stance that the management cannot afford to extend this facility anymore. The union leaders were also not willing to forfeit this facility. If mutually acceptable solution was not found, the union leaders warned about the possibility of direct action, non-co-operation, work-to-rule, sit-in strikes, going on mass causal leave, and finally an indefinite strike. This situation was comparable to the one envisaged by William L. Ury in his book â€Å"Getting Past No† and he writes, â€Å"Your goal may be to reach mutually satisfactory agreement, but you may find the other side not at all interested.† (9) All reasoning failed, all efforts for dispute resolutions came to a naught, and the management team used all the techniques related to fundamentals of negotiations. Even after three hours of marathon discussions, nothing tangible was achieved by both the sides. The management team appealed for the reasoned co-operation by the employees, as no institution can run with losses on an ongoing basis. Who will suffer if the organization declares lockout? The chances of getting alternative employment are dim in the foreseeable future. At this juncture the meeting was adjourned for the day as both sides wished to consult their respective teams. The union leaders made one point clear. Under no circumstances they will agree for abolishing the existing facility totally. Both the sides must have pondered over the issues seriously.

Authority of Shipper's Representatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Authority of Shipper's Representatives - Essay Example This paper stresses that Shipper’s Representative is authorized to aid Production Scheduling for shipment by use of work orders daily.   This includes screening of customer purchase order vs. company work orders for agreement, preparation of shipping invoices and/or packing lists, preparation of international export documentation (if any), determines method of shipment and preparation of appropriate carrier’s paperwork using established guidelines. S/He affixes shipping labels on packed cartons. Compares identifying information and counts, weighs or measures items of incoming and outgoing shipments to verify information against bill of lading, invoices, order, or other records. S/He is authorized to keep and maintains inventory of shipping materials and supplies.This paper outlines that the seller must see to it that shipment schedule is met. Where the seller is required or authorized to send goods to the buyer and the contract does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, then unless otherwise agreed he must under Subsection (a) of Section 2-504. However, any quotation or forecast on an order acknowledgment is only an estimate of the time required to make shipment and seller will not assume liability, substantial or otherwise, because of any delay or failure to deliver all or any part of any order for any reason, including its active or passive negligence.... S/He affixes shipping labels on packed cartons. Compares identifying information and counts, weighs or measures items of incoming and outgoing shipments to verify information against bill of lading, invoices, order, or other records. S/He is authorized to keep and maintains inventory of shipping materials and supplies. Section 2-504 Shipment by Seller. The seller must see to it that shipment schedule is met. Where the seller is required or authorized to send goods to the buyer and the contract does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, then unless otherwise agreed he must under Subsection (a) of Section 2-504, Part 5, he must put the goods in the possession of such a carrier and make such contract for their transportation and promptly notify the buyer of the shipment. However, any quotation or forecast on an order acknowledgment is only an estimate of the time required to make shipment and seller will not assume liability, substantial or otherwise, because of any delay or failure to deliver all or any part of any order for any reason, including its active or passive negligence. The seller reserves the right to allocate inventories and current production in any way it deems desirable. Authority of Shipper's Rep. 4 Section (2-505). Seller's Shipment under Reservation, Subsection (1) stipulates "where the seller identified the goods to the contract by or before shipment". The provisions of this section authorized the seller or his nominee to procure a negotiable bill of lading to his own order that binds him the security of interest in the goods. It gives him the right to effect transfer of the goods to the named person or buyer.

Discussion Board question and comment Assignment

Discussion Board question and comment - Assignment Example Apparently, productivity increases as the number of inputs increases. However, this is not the case as I recently witnessed a scenario where a company specializing in motor vehicles assembly hired more workers only to be disappointed that the move only drained the company’s resources and increased operational expenses without a significant increase in output. Thus, while it is important to increase productivity, companies must strive to ensure that the desired productivity is attained with the same resources. While it is true that multifactor productivity pinpoints the efficiency of a company, I believe that there is more items to consider when assessing the efficiency rather than merely focusing on the production process. Maybe we should consider sales turnover as well as how the company meets its plans. However, we cannot claim with certainty that reducing inputs increases productivity as this is not always the case. The volume of production should most appropriately be increased through motivating employees and providing appropriate amount of materials. Non-financial rewards will work best as they do not upsurge the labor cost. I believe that productivity can best be explained as the efficiency of production and not as â€Å"represent the economic value of the factors of production† as you put it. However, it is true that when determining productivity, one must determine the market value of the inputs and outputs. The suggestion that productivity be improved through scientific methods is quite reasonable. Technology and investment in skilled labor coupled with motivation of employees, I believe, are best suited to improve the productivity of firms in a country. Moreover, it will improve the productivity of the country resulting in growth and development where welfare of citizens will dexterously

Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From Pyrethrum

Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From Pyrethrum The experimental determination of the concentration and yield of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum pyrethrum flower is usually carried out with chromatographic techniques; and accordingly, a lot of methods have been developed over the years [Wang et.al, (1997)]. These include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [Todd et.al, (2003); Essig and Zhao, (2001b)], gas chromatography (GC) [Essig and Zhao, (2001a)] and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [Wenclawiak and Otterbach, (1999)]. GC was chosen for convenience in this study. The first-step involves using n-hexane as solvent to extract the pyrethrins from the solid sample (grounded and unsieved with particles size of about 30 meshes), and then the second-step, a purification step involves the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent to obtain the pyrethrins from the crude hexane extract (CHE). The hexane extractions (100g sample size), in a water bath at controlled temperatures and vigorous stirring, generated pyrethr ins concentrations varying from 69.85 95.50mg/ml and yields of 0.85 3.76% of the dry weight. Extraction efficiencies under several conditions were investigated and the optimum extraction condition was 400C in 4hrs. Compared with the product from the factory, several undesirable components exist in the CHE. The SFE was carried out with a self built unit (extraction vessel of 120ml) with a sample size of 40ml of CHE. Concentrations of 57.25 93.79mg/ml and yields (after the second extraction) of 0.99 2.15% were obtained; with the optimum condition being 350C at a pressure of 20MPa in 2hrs. Compared with the product from the factory, this sample contains two extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) also used in insect control. Key words: Solvent extraction; supercritical carbon dioxide; pyrethrins; two-step extraction; crude pyrethrins extract Introduction Pyrethrum flowers are from the Chrysanthemum genus and are known commercially as painted daisies, painted ladies, buhach, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, ofirmotox, insect powder, Dalmatian insect flowers, or parexan. It is believed to be recorded first in Dalmatia [Visiani, (1842-1852)]. However, others contend that its insecticidal activity was first proven by Antun Drobac (1810-1882) [Bakaric, (2005)]. Yet there are claims that it was first identified as having insecticidal properties around 1800 in Asia [Jeanne, (2009)]; and that the Crushed and powdered plants were used as insecticides by the Chinese as early as 1000 BC [Amrith, (2004)]. The flower contains about 1-2% pyrethrins by dry weight, but approximately 94% of the total yield is concentrated in the seeds [Casida and Quistad, (1995)]. The chemical structure of the active ingredients, pyrethrins I and pyrethrins II was identified in 1924 [Chandler, (1948); Coomber, (1948)]. Kenya is the worlds main producer today with more than 70% of the global supply [Jones, (1973)]. The natural active ingredients are referred to as Pyrethrins; consisting of cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin I, cinerin II, jasmolin II and pyrethrin II. The first three (chrysanthemic acid esters) are referred to as pyrethrins I (PYI), and the rest (pyrethric acid esters) as pyrethrins II (PYII) [Essig and Zhao, (2001a)]. Pyrethrins, though insoluble in water, are soluble in many organic solvents [WHO, (1975)]. They are non-volatile at ambient temperatures; non-toxic to mammals and other worm-blooded animals; highly unstable in light (photodegradable); biodegradable; but toxic to aquatic animals [Todd et.al, (2003); Chen and Casida, (1969); WHO, (1975)]. Their usage is mainly in biological crop protection; domestic insecticides [Gnadinger, (1936)]; and the formulations of synthetic pyrethroids [Todd et.al, (2003)]. Although pyrethrins are soluble in a number of organic solvents (benzene, hexane, petroleum ether, alcohol, acetone, meth anol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc) other considerations (practical, economic and environmental concerns) limit the usage. These considerations reduce the choices to just few. One of the qualities of Hexane in extracting pyrethrins is its ability to effectively dissolve the active ingredients minus contaminants. Another is that its removal from the concrete is achieved at lower temperatures; limiting degradation due to prolonged heating. Again, its low boiling point is a needed quality and it can be recycled, reducing the weight of the concrete. Above all, it is inexpensive, considered environmentally friendly, less toxic, non-corrosive, and non-reactive; traits which make it the dominant solvent adopted, especially for processing plant (biological) materials (products) which are often thermally labile, lipophilic, and non-volatile and are required to be kept and processed at around room temperatures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a critical temperature of 31oC which makes it particular ly an attractive medium for these kinds of tasks. Though other supercritical fluids (SCFs) show critical temperatures in this critical state and can be adapted as solvents, they are often difficult to handle and obtain in pure state, may be toxic, explosive or ecologically unsafe. Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) is by far, the most extensively used due to its non-toxic, inert and non-flammable nature. It is also natural, inexpensive, plentiful, non-toxic and inflammable and generally environmentally accepted [Schneider et.al, (1980)]. Its most important properties are enhanced density, viscosity, diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Higher densities contribute to greater dissolution of compounds while low viscosities enable easy penetration into samples and facilitation of flow of extracted (targeted) molecules from the source materials with fewer hindrances [Dunford et.al, (2003)]. Diffusivity offers easy and faster transport through samples; hence offers bett er extraction strengths; and dissolved ingredients are also easily separated from the supercritical solvent by drop in pressure [Fattori et.al, (1988)]. Sc-CO2, for the above and many reasons used as solvent in extraction saves both time and money while retaining overall extraction precision and accuracy with high purity and healthy products that are of excellent quality [Raventos et.al, (2002); Mohamed and Mansoori, (2002)]. Expectedly, a lot of research is now focused on the extractions of plant materials with supercritical carbon dioxide due primarily to the global growing solvent (organic) regulations and more importantly, the economic benefits (in terms of low operating temperatures; faster extractions and easier purifications, and of course better product quality). Stahl and Schutz [Stahl and Schutz, (1980)] extracted pyrethrins with CO2 and proposed that in the 20 °C to 40  Ã‚ °C temperature range decomposition (usually associated with pyrethrins extraction) does not occu r. Sims patented in the US, an extraction of pyrethrins using liquid carbon dioxide [Sims, (1981)] and Wynn and others patented using Sc-CO2 [Wynn et al. (1995)]. Wenclawiak and coworkers compared extracts obtained with ultrasonic (USE) and Soxhlet extractions (SEX); with hexane and Sc-CO2 extractions (SCE) and reported that direct extraction with SCE gave better pyrethrins content [Wenclawiak et.al, (1995)]. 2. 0. Experimental 2.1. Materials and Chemicals Grounded chrysanthemum (light green with a characteristic smell) sample and two pyrethrum concretes (yellow) were obtained from Yunnan Juxiang Natural Plant Products Company in China. The pyrethrins content of the concretes was claimed to be 50.0% (29.50% PYI and 20.50% PYII) and 85.15% (46.33% PYI and 38.82% PYII). Six individual standard solutions (using standard addition method) were prepared (from the 85.15% PY concrete-higher content, less impurities) for standardization of the analytical method. Analytical grade hexane (97.0%) and Ethanol (99.7%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd in China, and used directly without any pre-treatment. CO2 (99.0 %) gas was supplied by Xin Hongli Gas Company also in China. 2.2. Experiments Three different experiments were performed: To establish the standard/calibration curves for determining the components, To implement hexane extraction and determine the yield of total PY in the grounded sample, and To implement SFE and determine the yield of total PY in the CHE. 2.3. Establishing Standard Curves The GC (Agilent) conditions used for establishing the standard curves are as follows: split injector with 20:1 split ratio at 2500C; Nitrogen as carrier gas at 1.6mL/min  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow rate; injection volume of 0.1  µL; temperature program started at 1800C, kept for 11 minutes, heated at 100C/ min to 2000C, kept for 8 minutes, heated to 210 0C at 100C/min, kept for 18 minutes, then heated to 2450C at 30 0C/min, maintained for 4 minutes; FID detector; HP-5 Column, 30 mm 0.32 mm id., 0.25  µm  ¬Ã‚ lm thickness. This column was chosen because it gives the best resolution, identi ¬Ã‚ cation and quanti ¬Ã‚ cation for products containing OH and C=O [Rosana, (2003)]. 2g (85.15% concrete obtained from the company) of the extract was transferred into a 100mL flask containing 10mL ethanol, and then made up to the final volume of with ethanol and mixed well. Six aliquots (1mL, 2mL, 4mL, 8mL, 16mL and 32mL) of this solution were transferred into a 50mL flask each and diluted with et hanol again to the mark. We then calculated the concentrations of the PY in each aliquot, considering the percentage of each group (PYI and PYII) in the sample provided (Table A1 in the Appendix), injected (with a micro syringe) 0.1 µL of each solution into the GC after filtering (0.45-ÃŽ ¼m membrane filter) and recorded the elution times and corresponding peak areas (Table A2); subsequently, established the standard curves to express the relationship between the areas produced by the GC and the concentrations (Figure 2). 2.4. Hexane Extraction We extracted pyrethrins (from 100g of grounded sample of particle size of about 30mesh) with hexane in a water bath (YUHUA, DF-101S) in batches at different temperatures (35oC, 40 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC and 70 oC) and times (3hrs, 4hrs, 5hrs, 6hrs and 7hrs) in a 1000mL round-bottom flask, installed with a condenser. Agitation was achieved by stirring vigorously with three big size magnetic stirrers at a speed of 20rpm. The hexane was then removed from the pyrethrin concrete with a rotary evapourator (YUHUA, RE-2000B) at a temperature of 35 oC at a speed of 185rpm to obtain concentrated Crude Hexane Extract (CHE). Each concentrated sample was thereafter, filtered (0.45 µm) and 0.1 µL analyzed (Tables A3). This method has the advantage that the solvent is repeatedly recycled and temperature can be controlled. It offers a light coloured product with high recovery rate of pyrethrins; however, not only the desired components are extracted (Figure 3). Other soluble and hydrophobic sub stances (waxes and pigments) are also extracted [Kiriamiti et al, (2003)]. The solvent is removed by vacuum at lower temperature and the waxy thick mass left is the concrete; composed of essential oils and other oil soluble (lipophilic) materials. 3.0. Results and Discussion 3.1. Extract The extracts (CHE) contain pigments, fixed oils and waxes whose colour is deep yellow with characteristic smell. It also contains several undesired components (Figure 3) compared with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1). 3.2. Effect of Extraction Temperature Temperature has long been reported to be a crucial factor in the extraction of natural pyrethrins [Atkinson et.al, (2004)]. Pyrethrins are sensitive to temperature (thermo labile) and are therefore, unanimously reported to degrade above 40oC [Stahl and Schuzt, (1980); Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002); Wynn et al, (1994)]. We investigated the effect of different extraction temperatures (40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC) in fixed extraction times (5 hr gave better results than 6hr and 7hr). Our results conform to the reports (refer to Figure 4 and Table A3); the best yield (1.42) and PYI: PYII ratio (4.75) is at 40oC (but the best PYII yield-0.33 is at 70oC). This suggests that targeted components are extracted effectively at this temperature (40oC), above which two problems occur (separately or simultaneously): one is the extraction of more undesirable components at the expense of pyrethrins and the other is the decomposition of pyrethrins to form iso-pyrethrins [Stahl and Schuzt, (1980); Stahl, (1998); Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002); Wynn et.al, (1994)] thereby reducing the yield as seen. 3.3. Effect of Stirring We compared the effect of two stirring methods on extraction yield: the first with one magnetic stirrer and the second with three magnetic stirrers. The results are shown in Table A4, confirming that stirring improves extraction yield by facilitating the dissolution of the active ingredients and the effective distribution of heat. The extractions (at 40oC in 5hr) were repeated severally to ensure reproducibility and accuracy. 3.4. Effect of Extraction Time We further investigated the effect of extraction time by fixing the extraction temperature at 40oC with three magnetic stirrers; to establish the optimum extraction time (our initial time parameters were 5hr, 6hr and 7hr in which 5hr was the best). From Figure 5, the extraction yield increases steadily from 3hr to a peak at 4hr (see data in Table A5). Within this range, more desired components are extracted but after 4hr the yield decreases indicating that with prolonged time, even at the safest extraction temperature (40oC), less and less desired components are extracted and/or they decompose resulting in the decrease in yield. The drop in yield is consistent from 4hr (3.76%) to 6hr (2.15%). This implies that the optimum time (within the times investigated) is not 5hr as initially expected but rather 4hr. However, the ratio of PYI: PYII is best in 6hr (5.14). From 3hr to 4hr, the yield for both PYI and PYII appreciated but the increment in PYI (0.74) is greater than that of PYII (0. 38) hence the drop in the ratio. Between 4hr and 5hr, there is decrease in both PYI and PYII yields. Again, the decrease in PYI (0.98) is greater than that of PYII (0.49) accounting for the drop in ratio. The same reason accounts for the drop in ratio from 5hr to 6hr. 3.5. Effect of Concentrating CHE The effect of concentrating the CHE, on both PYI and PYII yield was analyzed (Table A6). Even though the concentrating temperature (35oC) was below the temperature above which PY degrades (40oC), there was loss in PY yield indicating degradation. This in our view may be due to the exposure of the pyrethrins directly to heat. As more hexane is evapourated, pyrethrins which hitherto, were locked in the solid sample matrix; surrounded by hexane and as such shielded from direct heat, is now in direct contact with the heat; and since they are sensitive to heat, decomposition is inevitable. However, the decomposition is small and negligible (about 2.25mg/ml which is about 0.41% of the total yield) due to perhaps the short concentrating time (about 30 min). 4.0. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) The CHE is too thick (viscous) to be used directly, coupled with the presents of undesirable components (waxes and pigments). A further treatment, usually with another solvent that only dissolve the desired compounds from the concrete is necessary. Different from other works, this study carried out SFE on the CHE as a purification step. We looked at the effect of time (hr), temperature (0C) and pressure (MPa) on extraction quality and yield. We have not studied the effect of particle size and pre-treatment; for information on this area, see the works of Kiriamiti and others [Kiriamiti et al, (2002)]. 4.1. Sample We concentrated the CHE in a rotary evapourator (from 500ml to 40ml at 185rpm in 30 minutes) for the SFE. 4.2. Extraction Process At the beginning of the extraction (Figure 6), all the check valves are closed except valve #2. This allows the CO2 gas into the compressor #4 (OLSB by Zheng Zhou Co. LTD, China) to be compressed, and the pressure gauges are allowed to attain equilibrium at a set pressure (10, 15 and 20 MPa). Valve #5 is then opened and the compressed fluid (Sc-CO2) is fed into the bottom of the extraction vessel #7 (120ml capacity) for up flow extraction configuration, containing the CHE (40ml) and metal fillings to facilitate effective contacting (increase internal mass transfer); which had earlier been heated to a set temperature (350C, 370C and 390C) and allowed to attain constant temperature with the help of the water bath #6. An appreciable time is allowed (5-10mins) for the total and complete dissolution of the crude extract and then valve #8 is opened and maintained until the pressure is in equilibrium again. The pressure reducing valve #9 is opened finally to collect the pyrethrins in the fl ask #10. A mass flow meter helps to determine the flow rate (1.5L/min). The extraction process is run and stopped at set times (1hr, 2hr and 3hr) and the extracts analyzed with the results tabulated (Table A8). The Metal fillings after each run were washed (10ml or 5ml of Hexane) and collected as residues to check for complete extraction. 5.0. Results and Discussion 5.1. Extracts The extracts did not contain visible pigments as was seen in the CHE. The colour was also different; light yellow to orange but the smell was similar. It also contained two extra components (Figure 10) which was found (by GC mass spectrometry) to be Tricosane (Peak 6) and Tetracosane (Peak 7). This was as a result of comparison with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1). We compared the yield of the extracts after solvent extraction, concentrating the CHE and the SFE and noted that there was difference. The yield from the SFE was less due possibly, to the relatively high pressures used. Separation of the Sc-CO2 and the product is achieved by a drop in pressure. These high pressures have the tendency of causing the products to remain in the BPR or along the pipe (between the BPR and the flask in Figure 6) due to clotting as a result of the pressure drop; in spite of our use of heating tapes to minimize this effect. This is confirmed by the value of the yield in the residue (0.05%) which is far less compared to the difference between the concentrated sample yield (3.30%) and that of the SFE (2.15%, see Table A10). 5.2. Effect of Pressure According to Kiriamiti and others, the quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with decreasing pressure due to (i) the effect of density on the solubility of pyrethrins, (ii) the slightly high density of CO2, (iii) the moderate variation in density with pressure, and (iv) the very low undesirable extracted products [Kiriamiti et al, (2002)]. Our results conclusively conform to this (Table A7). The best extraction pressure was at 20MPa (at 350C and 2hrs). The concentration of PY also increases within this pressure range (from 81.34mg/ml 93.79mg/ml). Similar phenomenon was observed for both 1hr and 3hrs, indicating that more pyrethrins were extracted than the undesirable components within this pressure range (Figure 7). 5.3. Effect of Extraction Time The quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with extraction time at higher temperatures (above 400C), explaining that either pyrethrins decompose at these elevated temperatures or more undesirables are extracted instead. From Table A8, the yield and concentration of PY increase from 1hr to a maximum in 2hr (1.35% 2.15% and 90.42mg/ml 93.79mg/ml at 350C and 20MPa). Both however decrease in 3hr (1.24% and 82.30mg/ml, Figure 8). This implies that pyrethrins were extracted faster than the undesirables from 1 to 2hr but as the extraction proceeds, more undesirables were then extracted at the expense of the pyrethrins or which decompose. Therefore, prolonged extraction time rather favours the extraction of undesirables or promotes decomposition of pyrethrins. 5.4. Effect of Temperature Pyrethrins are thermo labile and therefore require being processed at low temperatures. Therefore, high extraction temperature does not only degrade the pyrethrins but also favours the extraction of undesirables (Figure 9). Within the temperature range we investigated, the best yield was at 350C (Table A9). 6. 0. Conclusions Pyrethrins are usually purified with organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, petroleum ether etc) or their mixtures [Kasaj et.al, (1999); Henry et.al, (1999); Duan et.al, (2006)] which are generally expensive, flammable and explosive and above all, face strict legislative controls [Patrick, (2003)]. Alternatively, carbon dioxide is used to refining and purification. Sims proposed the use of liquid carbon dioxide [Sims, (1981)]. Similar to our method, Kiriamiti and others reported the extraction of pyrethrins from crude hexane extract (CHE) from batch extraction experiment using carbon dioxide [Kiriamiti et.al, (2003)] but with different extracting conditions and analysis method (HPLC). It is worth noting that our set up is very simple and less expensive coupled with the fact that our sample, after the SFE, contains two extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) not reported so far as part of the purification step. These components are not hazardous [Directive 67 /548/EEC] and have similar characteristics (may cause respiratory and digestive irritations), uses (as insecticides and biopesticides) and effects (they may not be detrimental to the insects but they certainly disrupt their behaviuor patterns and flushes them out for the more deadly pyrethrins I) as pyrethrins II [Chemcas.org; Chemnet.com; PPDB, (2011); Wylie, (1972); Lewis et.al, (1975)]. We developed a simple but efficient two-step procedure for the extraction of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum (pyrethrum flowers) and investigated the effect of various operating parameters on concentration and extraction yield. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that the two-step extraction of pyrethrins (first with hexane in a water bath and second with SC-CO2 as a purification step) is feasible and effective; the optimum extraction condition for high pyrethrins yield (3.76%) for the n-hexane extraction was 400C in 4hr; that vigorous stirring facilitated this; and that it is possible to achieve extraction yield of 3% or even more envisaged by Casida and Quistad. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a high recovery of pyrethrins is reported. A number of reasons may be attributed to this high recovery: i) extraction procedure, ii) choice of solvent, iii) vigorous stirring and above all, vi) the type of sample used. 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