Authority of Shipper's Representatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Authority of Shipper's Representatives - Essay Example This paper stresses that Shipper’s Representative is authorized to aid Production Scheduling for shipment by use of work orders daily.   This includes screening of customer purchase order vs. company work orders for agreement, preparation of shipping invoices and/or packing lists, preparation of international export documentation (if any), determines method of shipment and preparation of appropriate carrier’s paperwork using established guidelines. S/He affixes shipping labels on packed cartons. Compares identifying information and counts, weighs or measures items of incoming and outgoing shipments to verify information against bill of lading, invoices, order, or other records. S/He is authorized to keep and maintains inventory of shipping materials and supplies.This paper outlines that the seller must see to it that shipment schedule is met. Where the seller is required or authorized to send goods to the buyer and the contract does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, then unless otherwise agreed he must under Subsection (a) of Section 2-504. However, any quotation or forecast on an order acknowledgment is only an estimate of the time required to make shipment and seller will not assume liability, substantial or otherwise, because of any delay or failure to deliver all or any part of any order for any reason, including its active or passive negligence.... S/He affixes shipping labels on packed cartons. Compares identifying information and counts, weighs or measures items of incoming and outgoing shipments to verify information against bill of lading, invoices, order, or other records. S/He is authorized to keep and maintains inventory of shipping materials and supplies. Section 2-504 Shipment by Seller. The seller must see to it that shipment schedule is met. Where the seller is required or authorized to send goods to the buyer and the contract does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, then unless otherwise agreed he must under Subsection (a) of Section 2-504, Part 5, he must put the goods in the possession of such a carrier and make such contract for their transportation and promptly notify the buyer of the shipment. However, any quotation or forecast on an order acknowledgment is only an estimate of the time required to make shipment and seller will not assume liability, substantial or otherwise, because of any delay or failure to deliver all or any part of any order for any reason, including its active or passive negligence. The seller reserves the right to allocate inventories and current production in any way it deems desirable. Authority of Shipper's Rep. 4 Section (2-505). Seller's Shipment under Reservation, Subsection (1) stipulates "where the seller identified the goods to the contract by or before shipment". The provisions of this section authorized the seller or his nominee to procure a negotiable bill of lading to his own order that binds him the security of interest in the goods. It gives him the right to effect transfer of the goods to the named person or buyer.

Discussion Board question and comment Assignment

Discussion Board question and comment - Assignment Example Apparently, productivity increases as the number of inputs increases. However, this is not the case as I recently witnessed a scenario where a company specializing in motor vehicles assembly hired more workers only to be disappointed that the move only drained the company’s resources and increased operational expenses without a significant increase in output. Thus, while it is important to increase productivity, companies must strive to ensure that the desired productivity is attained with the same resources. While it is true that multifactor productivity pinpoints the efficiency of a company, I believe that there is more items to consider when assessing the efficiency rather than merely focusing on the production process. Maybe we should consider sales turnover as well as how the company meets its plans. However, we cannot claim with certainty that reducing inputs increases productivity as this is not always the case. The volume of production should most appropriately be increased through motivating employees and providing appropriate amount of materials. Non-financial rewards will work best as they do not upsurge the labor cost. I believe that productivity can best be explained as the efficiency of production and not as â€Å"represent the economic value of the factors of production† as you put it. However, it is true that when determining productivity, one must determine the market value of the inputs and outputs. The suggestion that productivity be improved through scientific methods is quite reasonable. Technology and investment in skilled labor coupled with motivation of employees, I believe, are best suited to improve the productivity of firms in a country. Moreover, it will improve the productivity of the country resulting in growth and development where welfare of citizens will dexterously

Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From Pyrethrum

Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From Pyrethrum The experimental determination of the concentration and yield of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum pyrethrum flower is usually carried out with chromatographic techniques; and accordingly, a lot of methods have been developed over the years [Wang et.al, (1997)]. These include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [Todd et.al, (2003); Essig and Zhao, (2001b)], gas chromatography (GC) [Essig and Zhao, (2001a)] and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [Wenclawiak and Otterbach, (1999)]. GC was chosen for convenience in this study. The first-step involves using n-hexane as solvent to extract the pyrethrins from the solid sample (grounded and unsieved with particles size of about 30 meshes), and then the second-step, a purification step involves the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent to obtain the pyrethrins from the crude hexane extract (CHE). The hexane extractions (100g sample size), in a water bath at controlled temperatures and vigorous stirring, generated pyrethr ins concentrations varying from 69.85 95.50mg/ml and yields of 0.85 3.76% of the dry weight. Extraction efficiencies under several conditions were investigated and the optimum extraction condition was 400C in 4hrs. Compared with the product from the factory, several undesirable components exist in the CHE. The SFE was carried out with a self built unit (extraction vessel of 120ml) with a sample size of 40ml of CHE. Concentrations of 57.25 93.79mg/ml and yields (after the second extraction) of 0.99 2.15% were obtained; with the optimum condition being 350C at a pressure of 20MPa in 2hrs. Compared with the product from the factory, this sample contains two extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) also used in insect control. Key words: Solvent extraction; supercritical carbon dioxide; pyrethrins; two-step extraction; crude pyrethrins extract Introduction Pyrethrum flowers are from the Chrysanthemum genus and are known commercially as painted daisies, painted ladies, buhach, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, ofirmotox, insect powder, Dalmatian insect flowers, or parexan. It is believed to be recorded first in Dalmatia [Visiani, (1842-1852)]. However, others contend that its insecticidal activity was first proven by Antun Drobac (1810-1882) [Bakaric, (2005)]. Yet there are claims that it was first identified as having insecticidal properties around 1800 in Asia [Jeanne, (2009)]; and that the Crushed and powdered plants were used as insecticides by the Chinese as early as 1000 BC [Amrith, (2004)]. The flower contains about 1-2% pyrethrins by dry weight, but approximately 94% of the total yield is concentrated in the seeds [Casida and Quistad, (1995)]. The chemical structure of the active ingredients, pyrethrins I and pyrethrins II was identified in 1924 [Chandler, (1948); Coomber, (1948)]. Kenya is the worlds main producer today with more than 70% of the global supply [Jones, (1973)]. The natural active ingredients are referred to as Pyrethrins; consisting of cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin I, cinerin II, jasmolin II and pyrethrin II. The first three (chrysanthemic acid esters) are referred to as pyrethrins I (PYI), and the rest (pyrethric acid esters) as pyrethrins II (PYII) [Essig and Zhao, (2001a)]. Pyrethrins, though insoluble in water, are soluble in many organic solvents [WHO, (1975)]. They are non-volatile at ambient temperatures; non-toxic to mammals and other worm-blooded animals; highly unstable in light (photodegradable); biodegradable; but toxic to aquatic animals [Todd et.al, (2003); Chen and Casida, (1969); WHO, (1975)]. Their usage is mainly in biological crop protection; domestic insecticides [Gnadinger, (1936)]; and the formulations of synthetic pyrethroids [Todd et.al, (2003)]. Although pyrethrins are soluble in a number of organic solvents (benzene, hexane, petroleum ether, alcohol, acetone, meth anol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc) other considerations (practical, economic and environmental concerns) limit the usage. These considerations reduce the choices to just few. One of the qualities of Hexane in extracting pyrethrins is its ability to effectively dissolve the active ingredients minus contaminants. Another is that its removal from the concrete is achieved at lower temperatures; limiting degradation due to prolonged heating. Again, its low boiling point is a needed quality and it can be recycled, reducing the weight of the concrete. Above all, it is inexpensive, considered environmentally friendly, less toxic, non-corrosive, and non-reactive; traits which make it the dominant solvent adopted, especially for processing plant (biological) materials (products) which are often thermally labile, lipophilic, and non-volatile and are required to be kept and processed at around room temperatures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a critical temperature of 31oC which makes it particular ly an attractive medium for these kinds of tasks. Though other supercritical fluids (SCFs) show critical temperatures in this critical state and can be adapted as solvents, they are often difficult to handle and obtain in pure state, may be toxic, explosive or ecologically unsafe. Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) is by far, the most extensively used due to its non-toxic, inert and non-flammable nature. It is also natural, inexpensive, plentiful, non-toxic and inflammable and generally environmentally accepted [Schneider et.al, (1980)]. Its most important properties are enhanced density, viscosity, diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Higher densities contribute to greater dissolution of compounds while low viscosities enable easy penetration into samples and facilitation of flow of extracted (targeted) molecules from the source materials with fewer hindrances [Dunford et.al, (2003)]. Diffusivity offers easy and faster transport through samples; hence offers bett er extraction strengths; and dissolved ingredients are also easily separated from the supercritical solvent by drop in pressure [Fattori et.al, (1988)]. Sc-CO2, for the above and many reasons used as solvent in extraction saves both time and money while retaining overall extraction precision and accuracy with high purity and healthy products that are of excellent quality [Raventos et.al, (2002); Mohamed and Mansoori, (2002)]. Expectedly, a lot of research is now focused on the extractions of plant materials with supercritical carbon dioxide due primarily to the global growing solvent (organic) regulations and more importantly, the economic benefits (in terms of low operating temperatures; faster extractions and easier purifications, and of course better product quality). Stahl and Schutz [Stahl and Schutz, (1980)] extracted pyrethrins with CO2 and proposed that in the 20 °C to 40  Ã‚ °C temperature range decomposition (usually associated with pyrethrins extraction) does not occu r. Sims patented in the US, an extraction of pyrethrins using liquid carbon dioxide [Sims, (1981)] and Wynn and others patented using Sc-CO2 [Wynn et al. (1995)]. Wenclawiak and coworkers compared extracts obtained with ultrasonic (USE) and Soxhlet extractions (SEX); with hexane and Sc-CO2 extractions (SCE) and reported that direct extraction with SCE gave better pyrethrins content [Wenclawiak et.al, (1995)]. 2. 0. Experimental 2.1. Materials and Chemicals Grounded chrysanthemum (light green with a characteristic smell) sample and two pyrethrum concretes (yellow) were obtained from Yunnan Juxiang Natural Plant Products Company in China. The pyrethrins content of the concretes was claimed to be 50.0% (29.50% PYI and 20.50% PYII) and 85.15% (46.33% PYI and 38.82% PYII). Six individual standard solutions (using standard addition method) were prepared (from the 85.15% PY concrete-higher content, less impurities) for standardization of the analytical method. Analytical grade hexane (97.0%) and Ethanol (99.7%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd in China, and used directly without any pre-treatment. CO2 (99.0 %) gas was supplied by Xin Hongli Gas Company also in China. 2.2. Experiments Three different experiments were performed: To establish the standard/calibration curves for determining the components, To implement hexane extraction and determine the yield of total PY in the grounded sample, and To implement SFE and determine the yield of total PY in the CHE. 2.3. Establishing Standard Curves The GC (Agilent) conditions used for establishing the standard curves are as follows: split injector with 20:1 split ratio at 2500C; Nitrogen as carrier gas at 1.6mL/min  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow rate; injection volume of 0.1  µL; temperature program started at 1800C, kept for 11 minutes, heated at 100C/ min to 2000C, kept for 8 minutes, heated to 210 0C at 100C/min, kept for 18 minutes, then heated to 2450C at 30 0C/min, maintained for 4 minutes; FID detector; HP-5 Column, 30 mm 0.32 mm id., 0.25  µm  ¬Ã‚ lm thickness. This column was chosen because it gives the best resolution, identi ¬Ã‚ cation and quanti ¬Ã‚ cation for products containing OH and C=O [Rosana, (2003)]. 2g (85.15% concrete obtained from the company) of the extract was transferred into a 100mL flask containing 10mL ethanol, and then made up to the final volume of with ethanol and mixed well. Six aliquots (1mL, 2mL, 4mL, 8mL, 16mL and 32mL) of this solution were transferred into a 50mL flask each and diluted with et hanol again to the mark. We then calculated the concentrations of the PY in each aliquot, considering the percentage of each group (PYI and PYII) in the sample provided (Table A1 in the Appendix), injected (with a micro syringe) 0.1 µL of each solution into the GC after filtering (0.45-ÃŽ ¼m membrane filter) and recorded the elution times and corresponding peak areas (Table A2); subsequently, established the standard curves to express the relationship between the areas produced by the GC and the concentrations (Figure 2). 2.4. Hexane Extraction We extracted pyrethrins (from 100g of grounded sample of particle size of about 30mesh) with hexane in a water bath (YUHUA, DF-101S) in batches at different temperatures (35oC, 40 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC and 70 oC) and times (3hrs, 4hrs, 5hrs, 6hrs and 7hrs) in a 1000mL round-bottom flask, installed with a condenser. Agitation was achieved by stirring vigorously with three big size magnetic stirrers at a speed of 20rpm. The hexane was then removed from the pyrethrin concrete with a rotary evapourator (YUHUA, RE-2000B) at a temperature of 35 oC at a speed of 185rpm to obtain concentrated Crude Hexane Extract (CHE). Each concentrated sample was thereafter, filtered (0.45 µm) and 0.1 µL analyzed (Tables A3). This method has the advantage that the solvent is repeatedly recycled and temperature can be controlled. It offers a light coloured product with high recovery rate of pyrethrins; however, not only the desired components are extracted (Figure 3). Other soluble and hydrophobic sub stances (waxes and pigments) are also extracted [Kiriamiti et al, (2003)]. The solvent is removed by vacuum at lower temperature and the waxy thick mass left is the concrete; composed of essential oils and other oil soluble (lipophilic) materials. 3.0. Results and Discussion 3.1. Extract The extracts (CHE) contain pigments, fixed oils and waxes whose colour is deep yellow with characteristic smell. It also contains several undesired components (Figure 3) compared with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1). 3.2. Effect of Extraction Temperature Temperature has long been reported to be a crucial factor in the extraction of natural pyrethrins [Atkinson et.al, (2004)]. Pyrethrins are sensitive to temperature (thermo labile) and are therefore, unanimously reported to degrade above 40oC [Stahl and Schuzt, (1980); Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002); Wynn et al, (1994)]. We investigated the effect of different extraction temperatures (40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC) in fixed extraction times (5 hr gave better results than 6hr and 7hr). Our results conform to the reports (refer to Figure 4 and Table A3); the best yield (1.42) and PYI: PYII ratio (4.75) is at 40oC (but the best PYII yield-0.33 is at 70oC). This suggests that targeted components are extracted effectively at this temperature (40oC), above which two problems occur (separately or simultaneously): one is the extraction of more undesirable components at the expense of pyrethrins and the other is the decomposition of pyrethrins to form iso-pyrethrins [Stahl and Schuzt, (1980); Stahl, (1998); Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002); Wynn et.al, (1994)] thereby reducing the yield as seen. 3.3. Effect of Stirring We compared the effect of two stirring methods on extraction yield: the first with one magnetic stirrer and the second with three magnetic stirrers. The results are shown in Table A4, confirming that stirring improves extraction yield by facilitating the dissolution of the active ingredients and the effective distribution of heat. The extractions (at 40oC in 5hr) were repeated severally to ensure reproducibility and accuracy. 3.4. Effect of Extraction Time We further investigated the effect of extraction time by fixing the extraction temperature at 40oC with three magnetic stirrers; to establish the optimum extraction time (our initial time parameters were 5hr, 6hr and 7hr in which 5hr was the best). From Figure 5, the extraction yield increases steadily from 3hr to a peak at 4hr (see data in Table A5). Within this range, more desired components are extracted but after 4hr the yield decreases indicating that with prolonged time, even at the safest extraction temperature (40oC), less and less desired components are extracted and/or they decompose resulting in the decrease in yield. The drop in yield is consistent from 4hr (3.76%) to 6hr (2.15%). This implies that the optimum time (within the times investigated) is not 5hr as initially expected but rather 4hr. However, the ratio of PYI: PYII is best in 6hr (5.14). From 3hr to 4hr, the yield for both PYI and PYII appreciated but the increment in PYI (0.74) is greater than that of PYII (0. 38) hence the drop in the ratio. Between 4hr and 5hr, there is decrease in both PYI and PYII yields. Again, the decrease in PYI (0.98) is greater than that of PYII (0.49) accounting for the drop in ratio. The same reason accounts for the drop in ratio from 5hr to 6hr. 3.5. Effect of Concentrating CHE The effect of concentrating the CHE, on both PYI and PYII yield was analyzed (Table A6). Even though the concentrating temperature (35oC) was below the temperature above which PY degrades (40oC), there was loss in PY yield indicating degradation. This in our view may be due to the exposure of the pyrethrins directly to heat. As more hexane is evapourated, pyrethrins which hitherto, were locked in the solid sample matrix; surrounded by hexane and as such shielded from direct heat, is now in direct contact with the heat; and since they are sensitive to heat, decomposition is inevitable. However, the decomposition is small and negligible (about 2.25mg/ml which is about 0.41% of the total yield) due to perhaps the short concentrating time (about 30 min). 4.0. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) The CHE is too thick (viscous) to be used directly, coupled with the presents of undesirable components (waxes and pigments). A further treatment, usually with another solvent that only dissolve the desired compounds from the concrete is necessary. Different from other works, this study carried out SFE on the CHE as a purification step. We looked at the effect of time (hr), temperature (0C) and pressure (MPa) on extraction quality and yield. We have not studied the effect of particle size and pre-treatment; for information on this area, see the works of Kiriamiti and others [Kiriamiti et al, (2002)]. 4.1. Sample We concentrated the CHE in a rotary evapourator (from 500ml to 40ml at 185rpm in 30 minutes) for the SFE. 4.2. Extraction Process At the beginning of the extraction (Figure 6), all the check valves are closed except valve #2. This allows the CO2 gas into the compressor #4 (OLSB by Zheng Zhou Co. LTD, China) to be compressed, and the pressure gauges are allowed to attain equilibrium at a set pressure (10, 15 and 20 MPa). Valve #5 is then opened and the compressed fluid (Sc-CO2) is fed into the bottom of the extraction vessel #7 (120ml capacity) for up flow extraction configuration, containing the CHE (40ml) and metal fillings to facilitate effective contacting (increase internal mass transfer); which had earlier been heated to a set temperature (350C, 370C and 390C) and allowed to attain constant temperature with the help of the water bath #6. An appreciable time is allowed (5-10mins) for the total and complete dissolution of the crude extract and then valve #8 is opened and maintained until the pressure is in equilibrium again. The pressure reducing valve #9 is opened finally to collect the pyrethrins in the fl ask #10. A mass flow meter helps to determine the flow rate (1.5L/min). The extraction process is run and stopped at set times (1hr, 2hr and 3hr) and the extracts analyzed with the results tabulated (Table A8). The Metal fillings after each run were washed (10ml or 5ml of Hexane) and collected as residues to check for complete extraction. 5.0. Results and Discussion 5.1. Extracts The extracts did not contain visible pigments as was seen in the CHE. The colour was also different; light yellow to orange but the smell was similar. It also contained two extra components (Figure 10) which was found (by GC mass spectrometry) to be Tricosane (Peak 6) and Tetracosane (Peak 7). This was as a result of comparison with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1). We compared the yield of the extracts after solvent extraction, concentrating the CHE and the SFE and noted that there was difference. The yield from the SFE was less due possibly, to the relatively high pressures used. Separation of the Sc-CO2 and the product is achieved by a drop in pressure. These high pressures have the tendency of causing the products to remain in the BPR or along the pipe (between the BPR and the flask in Figure 6) due to clotting as a result of the pressure drop; in spite of our use of heating tapes to minimize this effect. This is confirmed by the value of the yield in the residue (0.05%) which is far less compared to the difference between the concentrated sample yield (3.30%) and that of the SFE (2.15%, see Table A10). 5.2. Effect of Pressure According to Kiriamiti and others, the quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with decreasing pressure due to (i) the effect of density on the solubility of pyrethrins, (ii) the slightly high density of CO2, (iii) the moderate variation in density with pressure, and (iv) the very low undesirable extracted products [Kiriamiti et al, (2002)]. Our results conclusively conform to this (Table A7). The best extraction pressure was at 20MPa (at 350C and 2hrs). The concentration of PY also increases within this pressure range (from 81.34mg/ml 93.79mg/ml). Similar phenomenon was observed for both 1hr and 3hrs, indicating that more pyrethrins were extracted than the undesirable components within this pressure range (Figure 7). 5.3. Effect of Extraction Time The quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with extraction time at higher temperatures (above 400C), explaining that either pyrethrins decompose at these elevated temperatures or more undesirables are extracted instead. From Table A8, the yield and concentration of PY increase from 1hr to a maximum in 2hr (1.35% 2.15% and 90.42mg/ml 93.79mg/ml at 350C and 20MPa). Both however decrease in 3hr (1.24% and 82.30mg/ml, Figure 8). This implies that pyrethrins were extracted faster than the undesirables from 1 to 2hr but as the extraction proceeds, more undesirables were then extracted at the expense of the pyrethrins or which decompose. Therefore, prolonged extraction time rather favours the extraction of undesirables or promotes decomposition of pyrethrins. 5.4. Effect of Temperature Pyrethrins are thermo labile and therefore require being processed at low temperatures. Therefore, high extraction temperature does not only degrade the pyrethrins but also favours the extraction of undesirables (Figure 9). Within the temperature range we investigated, the best yield was at 350C (Table A9). 6. 0. Conclusions Pyrethrins are usually purified with organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, petroleum ether etc) or their mixtures [Kasaj et.al, (1999); Henry et.al, (1999); Duan et.al, (2006)] which are generally expensive, flammable and explosive and above all, face strict legislative controls [Patrick, (2003)]. Alternatively, carbon dioxide is used to refining and purification. Sims proposed the use of liquid carbon dioxide [Sims, (1981)]. Similar to our method, Kiriamiti and others reported the extraction of pyrethrins from crude hexane extract (CHE) from batch extraction experiment using carbon dioxide [Kiriamiti et.al, (2003)] but with different extracting conditions and analysis method (HPLC). It is worth noting that our set up is very simple and less expensive coupled with the fact that our sample, after the SFE, contains two extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) not reported so far as part of the purification step. These components are not hazardous [Directive 67 /548/EEC] and have similar characteristics (may cause respiratory and digestive irritations), uses (as insecticides and biopesticides) and effects (they may not be detrimental to the insects but they certainly disrupt their behaviuor patterns and flushes them out for the more deadly pyrethrins I) as pyrethrins II [Chemcas.org; Chemnet.com; PPDB, (2011); Wylie, (1972); Lewis et.al, (1975)]. We developed a simple but efficient two-step procedure for the extraction of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum (pyrethrum flowers) and investigated the effect of various operating parameters on concentration and extraction yield. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that the two-step extraction of pyrethrins (first with hexane in a water bath and second with SC-CO2 as a purification step) is feasible and effective; the optimum extraction condition for high pyrethrins yield (3.76%) for the n-hexane extraction was 400C in 4hr; that vigorous stirring facilitated this; and that it is possible to achieve extraction yield of 3% or even more envisaged by Casida and Quistad. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a high recovery of pyrethrins is reported. A number of reasons may be attributed to this high recovery: i) extraction procedure, ii) choice of solvent, iii) vigorous stirring and above all, vi) the type of sample used. We further conclude that for the SFE (2.15% and 93.79mg/ml) the optimum conditions were 350C, at pressure of 20MPa in 2hr. 7.0. References Amrith S. Gunasekara, (2004): Environmental Fate of Pyrethrins, Environmental Monitoring Branch, Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812 Atkinson B. L, Blackman A. J, and Faber H, (2004): The degradation of the natural pyrethrins in crop storage, J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 280-28 Bakaric P, (2005): BuhaÄ  prirodni insekticid, Gospodarski list 17: 41-45 Casida J. E and Quistad G. B, (1995): Pyrethrum Flowers: Production, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Uses, Oxford University Press, New York Chandler S. E, (1948): The Origin and Early History of the Production of Pyrethrum in Kenya, Pyrethrum Post 1 (1): 10-13 Chen Y-L, and Casida J. E, (1969): Photodecomposition of Pyrethrin I, Allethrin, Phthalthrin, and Dimethrin, J. Agr. Food Chem. 17: 208-215 Coomber H. E, (1948): The Chemical Evaluation of Pyrethrum Flowers, Pyrethrum Post 1 (1): 16-19 Directive 67/548/EEC: The Dangerous Substances Directive (as amended) is one of the main European Union laws concerning chemical safety. Duan Wei, Zhengguo Li, Guomin Wang, Yingwu Yang, Yingguo Li and Yuxian Xia, (2006): Separation and purification of Natural pyrethrins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, Chin. J. of Anal. Chem., vol.34, is.12, pp 1776-1779 Dunford N. T, Teel J. A and King J. W, (2003): A Continuous Counter Current Supercritical Fluid Deacidification Process for Phytosterol Ester Fortification in Rice Bran Oil, Food Research International 36, 175-181 Essig K and Zhao Z, (2001b): Method Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Pyrethrum Extract, J Chromatogr Sci 39 (4): 473-480 (8) Essig K and Zhao Z. J, (2001a): Preparation and characterization of a Pyrethrum extract standard. LC/GC 19(7): 722-730 Fattori M, Bulley N. R, and Meisen A, (1988): Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Canola See: Oil Solubility and Effect of Seed Treatment. J. A. O. C. S. 65, 968-974 Gnadinger C. B, (1936): Pyrethrum Flowers. 2nd Ed. McLaughlin, Gormley, King, Minneapolis, Minnesota Gourdon C and Romdhane M, (2002): Investigation in Solid-Liquid Extraction: Influence of Ultrasound, Chemical Engineering Journal 87, 11-19 Jeanne Roberts, (2009)  : Insecticide Treated Mosquito Nets and Malaria Prevention: Weighing the Benefits, Naming the Benefactors at www.celsia.com Jones G. D. G, (1973): Pyrethrum Production, In Pyrethrum; The Natural Insecticide, J. E. Casida (Eds.), Academic Press. New York, NY, 17-21 Kasaj D, A. Rieder, L. Krenn and B. Kopp, (1999): Separation and Quantitative Analysis of Natural Pyrethrins by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chromatographia Vol. 50, No. 9/10 Kiriamiti H. K, Camy S, Gourdon C and Condoret J.S, (2003): Pyrethrin Extraction from Pyrethrum Flower using Carbon Dioxide, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 26, 193-200 Lewis W. J, Richard L. Jones, Donald A. Nordlund and Gross H.R JR, (1975): Kairomones and their use for the management of entomophagous insects: II Mechanisms causing increase in rate of parasitisation by Trichogramma spp, J. Chem. Ecol., vol. 1, No. 3, pp 349-360 Mohamed R. S and Mansoori G. A, (2002): The Use of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology in Food Processing, Featured Article, Food Technology Magazine, June, The World Markets Research Centre, London, UK Patrick Pelerin, (2003): Comparing Extraction by Traditional Solvents with Supercritical Extraction from Economic and Environmental Standpoint, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, TOME 1 Raventos M, Duarte S, and Alarcà ³n R, (2002): Application and Possibilities of Supercritical CO2 Extraction in Food Processing Industry: An Overview, Food Sci. Technology International, 8 (5), 269-284 Rosana V, (2004). Optimization of Gas Chromatographic-mass Spectrometric Analysis for Fatty Acids in Hydrogenated Castor Oil obtained by Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation. Analytica Chimica Acta 505, 223-226 Schneider G. M. V, Stahl E and Wilke G, (1980): Extraction with Supercritical Gases, Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, Basel Sims M, (1981): Liquid carbon dioxide extraction of pyrethrins, US Patent no. 4281171 Stahl E and Schà ¼tz E, (1980): Extraction of Natural Compounds with Supercritical Gases, J. Med. Plant Res. 40, 12-21 Todd G. D, Wohlers D, and Citra M, (2003). Toxicology Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids, Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA Visiani R, (1842-1852): Flora Dalmatica, Lipsiae; In Flora Europaea; vol 3, Cambridge University press Wang I. H, Subramanian V, Moorman R, Burleson J and Ko J. R, (1997). Direct Determination of Pyrethrins in Pyrethrum Extracts by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection. J. of Chrom. 766, 277-281 Wenclawiak B. W and Otterbach A, (1999). Supercritical Fluid Extraction Kinetics of Pyrethrins from Flowers and Allethrin from Paper Strips. J. Anal. Chem. 365 8, 472-474 Wenclawiak B. W, Krappe M and Otterbach A, (1995): In Situ Transesterification of the Natural Pyrethrins, J. of chrom. A, 785, 263-267 World Health Organization, (1975): Data Sheet on Pesticides No. 11, Pyrethrins (www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest11_e.htm) Wynn H. T. P, Cheng-Chin C, Tien-Tsu S, Fong L, and Ming-Ren S. F, (1995): Preparative Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pyrethrins I and II from Pyrethrum Flower; Talanta 42, 1745-1749

Gangs in Class :: Classrooms School Violence Essays

Gangs in Class Even before I arrived at the gilded gates of Dunn Middle School in South Trenton, I knew I would expect to encounter gang members, gang references and possibly even gang violence within the brick walls of this school for 6-8th graders. It is a scary thought that every prospective teacher has had cross her mind at least once in her teacher preparation program: â€Å"Will there be gang members in my school, in my classroom? What will I do? What can I do†. During my first day at my JPE site my suspicions were turned into a reality. Within my two classes I have two affirmed gang members and several students suspected of gang affiliation. Both of the affirmed members have since been removed from school due to their participation in a fight which caused serious harm to another student in the school. I can’t help but feel at once relieved that I don’t have to ‘deal’ with these students and then sad at the thought that these two bright youn g men may be forever lost to mainstream society. Even more, what about the remaining boys associated with gangs left in my classroom; will they come to the same fate? Here presented are an overview of youth gang membership today and some thoughts on why kids today so readily join in. As will be discussed, there is something we as administrators and educators can do when gang membership becomes a concern or problem in our schools; perhaps more importantly though, there are ways we can prevent the problem from even arising. There are several types of gangs which prevail in modern America. There are street gangs, copycat gangs, pretend gangs, cliques and delinquent groups to name a few. Luckily, most middle school aged students involved with gang behavior are involved with the less serious forms including delinquent groups and pretend gangs. Those students who are more susceptible to joining gangs are becoming harder and harder to identify. â€Å"Memberships tend to cross ethnic lines and have more female involvement than ever before† (National 5). Previously, gangs were thought to be limited to black or Hispanic male youths in low income communities but even the socioeconomic status of gangs has changed.

Dream Analysis Essay

John [customer may change/remove his/her name here] has a military background and has spent his childhood in a boarding school. Overall, his childhood was happy and content and his favorite toys to play were trucks which he sometimes even wanted to build out of stray wooden logs and old tires. For the past couple of days John has been having a few recurrent dreams. In the following discourse of dream analysis and analysis on the basis of psychoanalytic personality theory, it will be examined how the fascinating world of the unconscious portrays to the conscious world a glimpse of that infinite universe that resides within each and every one of us. Every night John dreams that he is being chased by a figure in a hooded cloak and long hair that suddenly fades into a door which he cannot open. Bizarre as it may seem, John walks into the door and there is darkness everywhere – but as soon as there is enough light for him to see, he realizes that he is walking on water and there are ships all around him. Without furtherance, the dream ends and John wakes up confused and worried. John can neither comprehend the worry he has nor can he understand the odd turn of events in his dream. It is often said that each human being is a tiny universe within himself or herself. Each person has within him/her a great constellation of ideas, feelings, emotions, wants, needs and many other such aspects which make the person unique and individual and thus even a single case study can prove to be a study of a lifetime. â€Å"The dream is a little hidden door in the innermost and most secret recesses of the soul, opening into that cosmic night which was psyche long before there was any ego-consciousness, and which will remain psyche no matter how far our ego-consciousness extends. † These words belonged to this very noted and lauded psychoanalyst, Carl Gustav Jung, a proponent of Analytical Psychology and the inventor of the famous terms of today such as ‘collective unconscious’, ‘archetypes’ and ‘persona’. In the therapy, Jung’s methodology of treatment worked on the profound principles of word associations, free associations, dream analysis, transference and counter-transference. Dreams remained, however, one of the most significant works of Jung since there had been little work done on it since Freud. Jung’s therapeutic techniques and analysis of dreams provide a much more culturally rich and avid interpretations that cover a great breadth of subjects and ideas. Whereas Freud would interpret dreams as a ‘royal road to the unconscious’ that mostly leads to sexual discussions of a male-dominated structure, Jung’s discussion would profit the reader more in terms of how rich his theory is with motifs from all across the world. He had the cultural and cognitive openness to absorb ideas and patterns from cultures which belonged to distant lands as well as to designs which were close to his own religion, nation and race. His theory of personality speaks of not simplistic desires of sex and aggression; rather it takes a comprehensive look at the various types of personality in terms of their functions. According to Jung’s theory, personalities are categorized in both extroverted and oriented toward subjective experiences (Miller 2004). Dreams are not looked up by a codebook, dictionary or even an almanac. You cannot have a standard glossary of dreams (Coolidge, 2006) which can simply pinpoint to you the exact source and destination of your dream. Even the most simplest of psychoanalysis would require a complete case study of the person and delve into the backgrounds and relationships of the dreamer – rather than arbitrary guesswork. â€Å"Nobody doubts the importance of conscious experience; why then should we doubt the significance of unconscious happenings? They are also the part of our life, and sometimes more truly a pert of it for weal or woe than any happenings of the day† (Jung, 1970). Jung wrote a variety of articles, developing and perfecting his theory over a period of time (Adams 2004) which led to the collection of all his articles under a book called Dreams (1974). For John’s case we will discuss the two basic categories of dreams given by Jung: (1) Reactive (2) Compensatory Reactive dreams are coming as a reaction to some kind of trauma or repression faced by the individual. Most dreams fall, however, in the compensatory category, where the present moment attitudes or compromises of the ego are reflected back. Compensatory dreams present alternative perspectives that have been repressed, dissociated or otherwise defensively excluded by the ego (Addams 2004). Jung’s theory of personality suggested that there exists the ‘collective unconscious’, a set of influences that we inherit from our own particular ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the past. This collective unconscious is shared by everyone and is displayed by behavior that is shown as common across all cultures. Loving your mother, belief in a supreme being, fear of dark, cold places, and perceiving certain images as positive and certain images as negative are all results of the collective unconscious of which the entire race is a part of. Jung believed that the collective unconscious has ‘archetypes’ which were the universal symbolic representations of a particular person object or experience (Feldman, 1993). One of these archetypes is the ‘mother archetype’, a symbolic representation of a mother-figure present across all cultures, religions, literature, myths and even fairy tales (Virgin Mary, Mother Hubbard, Kali, fairy godmother etc. ). In John’s case the dreams seem to be of the second kind, which is the most common kind. Owing from John’s history that was taken prior to analysis (as per rule of psychoanalysis itself), it is seen that John has not been in any kind of traumatic experience lately which could lead to show that his dreams are in any way a reactive phenomenon to some event. It seems as if the ego, which is conducting the job of maintaining the deep secrets of the collective unconscious which tries to seep through our dreams, feelings, premonitions and behavioral idiosyncrasies. John’s history reveals that his favorite passion as a child was building tracks, as mentioned before, and he would often use his mother’s stray clips and pins while trying to make trucks. Once, he recalls, during his free association sessions, that his mother had gone out for the afternoon for a little while and he was left alone with his toys. John had sneaked into his mother’s room and taken all the clips and pins he could find to build a tiny engine for his truck out of the old cardboard boxes lying around in the attic. It did not thus struck as odd to the therapist when John responded with the word ‘road’ with the word ‘pins’. Word association technique, also propounded by Carl Jung, was a technique where the individual is given a list of words. To these set of words, the individual is asked to respond to the first response that comes to the mind. In modern day interpretation, reaction time and expressions are also noted. In Jung’s original version the main practices were focused on the response the individual gave to the words. In John’s case, the response to the word ‘road’ came as ‘pins’ which could have explained his recollection of his childhood methodology of building trucks through borrowing the pins from his mother’s dresser. John also remembers being scolded by his mother very sternly regarding the stealing of pins. He remembers his mother telling him that although what he stole was not of much significance, it did however matter that he stole something which was wrong on every account. John remembers crying and repeating the word ‘sorry’ many times and considers this to be one of his more memorable events in his childhood. The military set up, of which John is a part of, also establishes a certain emphasis on rule-abiding and a formidable outlook on immoral practices. Discipline and control are a big part of John’s life, so it is not surprising that such an event in childhood where his moral qualities were called into question continue to remain vivid in his memories. Although John’s energies have been channelized constructively, he does report feeling more inclined towards construction and manual labor oriented tasks, which speak of his childhood pastime of building trucks. In his dream John is chased by a figure which has long hair and a cloak, easily represented by an evil mother archetype. John may be harboring feelings in his personal unconscious, which is different from the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the combination of the residue of the personal events and experiences of the individual’s life, whereas the collective unconscious is the collective residue of the events and lives of the ancestors’ of the individual which is shared by all members of the society. Here since the archetype is professed as the evil mother archetype (given in the form of various myths and religions such as Kali, the Death Goddess, Evil Enchantress, Vivien and the Witch in Hansel and Gretel (Fox, 1994), we can understand John’s residual and unconscious fear of his mother. The dream can be further interpreted in terms of his fear and overall overpowering sense of moral code and ethics which guides his childhood memories as well as present day ambitions. This fear of childhood and present day fear of judgment may be symbolized as the evil mother since the ‘shadow’ may have a will of its own. The concept of ‘shadow’ by Carl Jung is synonymous to the concept of ‘id’ by Sigmund Freud, which represents all the carnal and basic desires of the person. The Greeks separated the mother archetype in both good and bad ways, whether it was the sexual version of Aphrodite, the virgin Artemis, the motherly Demeter and the dominating Hera (Fox, 1994). The mother figure symbolized as evil in John’s dream does not necessarily mean that John hates his mother or considers her as evil. It is simply a symbolic representation and interpretation of ideas and themes that are considered as overwhelming or powerful which have taken the connection of childhood memories, themes and ideas. The door and the sea both represent an initiation into a world that is unknown and thus a voyage into the unknown is found in this particular sequence of the dream. The sea has various interpretations in terms of archetypes and expresses a vast majority of meanings including an initiation, a voyage, an uneasy division between order and chaos, the eternal mother, etc (Carlson, 1986). A study was conducted on the archetype of doors and it was found that doors represent safety and keep bad things from getting in or help in escape if danger threatens. A door may represent a way out, a way to safety (Hatala, 1992). This dream could possibly mean that the door symbolizes a certain escape and balance that was brought from the uncertainty in life. The uncertainty that could have arisen from the difference in ambition and the difference in the current profession is absolved through the doorway of channelizing the energies into a positive way, for example, by joining the military. For the process of deindividuation, which Jung called the process of discovering the deepest of potentials of a person, dreams provide as powerful tools and cues in order to discover and fulfill the calls of the inner psyche. In John’s dreams the call of the unconscious seems to be towards the ego and the persona (synonymous to the Freudian ‘ego’ or reality principle) which absolves the conflicts of the ego. John seems to doubt his ego which the ego in turn does not want it to do. It wants John to make peace with the investment of his energies. The dream starts with the evil mother archetype and seems to end with the ‘sea’ or the eternal mother archetype. This means that there is peace within the system of John’s unconscious, yet this peace needs to be maintained, accepted and realized by the individual himself. Works Cited: Addams, M. V. (2004). The Fantasy Principle: Psychoanalysis of the Imagination. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Carlson, P. A. (1986). Literature and lore of the sea. Costerus, new ser. , v. 52. Amsterdam: Rodopi. Coolidge, F. L. (2006). Dream interpretation as a psychotherapeutic technique. Oxford: Radcliffe. Feldman, R. S. (1993). Psychology. [New York]: McGraw-Hill. Fox, R. (1994). The challenge of anthropology old encounters and new excursions. New Brunswick, N. J. , U. S. A. : Transaction. Hatala, L. J. (1992). Incredibly American releasing the heart of quality. Milwaukee, Wis: ASQC Quality Press. Jung, C. G. (1953). Psychological reflections an anthology of the writings of C. G. Jung. London: Routledge and K. Paul. Miller, C. A. , & Miller, C. A. (2004). Nursing for wellness in older adults: theory and practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Sup Wumpy

Prompt 2: According to the slide show I have developed an interest in many different foods and would like to try all of them except for the cinnamon. Cinnamon kills people. Cinnamon is too small for the human body to swallow and when trying to do it you choke to death, hence the â€Å"cinnamon challenge. † Otherwise I have no interest in any of the other foods on that list. There is one food, however, that I absolutely adore. Back in the old days my family always loved to go out for dinner. No matter what, it was what always happened.In fact one time I went to Denny’s and got a free shirt and meal because I went there almost every day. Denny’s isn’t just a place to eat. For me it is a way of life. I’m not the only one either. Tons of friends love Denny’s as much as I and sometimes we party together at Denny’s. Every time I go I order a grandslamwich with a side of hash browns and lemonade. It all tastes so sweet and delicious and savor y that I almost never know when to stop eating. Sometimes when I order I just say the usual and everyone knows exactly what to get.It wasn’t always like that though. My dad, back in his youth, had always ordered me a grandslamwich even though I never liked it but after some time I grew attached to the mouthwatering treat. I would go to sleep every night with my window open and I would stare at the twinkling balls of light hiding up in the beautiful night sky†¦. wondering when the next encounter would happen†¦ the encounter with the restaurant of the gods. Now that I grow older and wiser, I realize that Denny’s does have some drawbacks.I assume that since Denny’s has no superior in the restaurant business, it cannot be all hugs and kisses, without even knowing anything about this I can prove it. Newton’s third Law States that â€Å"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. † Therefore Denny’s cannot be simply amazing in every way. I did some research on this subject and found out that a grandslamwich is about 1500 calories. This is about the size of three big macs. That explains a lot since a big mac basically bows down at the feet of the almighty GRANDSLAMWICH!!!No matter what a grandslamwich will always be my favorite food. Prompt 4: Potato starch contains resistant starch,  and may be helpful in preventing colon cancer. According to this article, the potato actually has a very large effect on cancer, which I had assumed that it did. Potatoes are a staple in diets all over the world and it seems that they can even help prevent cancer! This is a very logical fact. Potatoes are as old as time itself and are especially important in the diet of the average American diet.If potatoes caused cancer a lot more people would be dead than just those who have already been unlucky enough to fall victim to this atrocity of diseases. Who ever thought about writing an article about this was a very deep thinker to a sk whether or not potatoes of all things cause cancer. This was very interesting nevertheless even though I had started out expecting it to be terribly and agonizingly boring. Also if potatoes had vitamins in them (or whatever) that caused cancer, wouldn’t they be cooked out like the alcoholic content in cooking or even the vitamins that help prevent it?In the great words of Biff â€Å"C’mon think McFly think! † (If you don’t get the reference you are dead to me. ) There is a reason that potatoes help prevent cancer, the reason being Potato starch contains resistant starch. Resistant starch helps maintain healthy digestion and may be helpful in preventing colon cancer. Bacteria in the colon ferments resistant starches and produces short-chain fatty acids one of them being Butyrate. Butyrate also has anti-tumor effects because it seems to inhibit tumor cell development and causes tumor cell differentiation and cell death in colorectal cancer cells.

About the Geodesic Dome in Architecture

About the Geodesic Dome in Architecture A geodesic dome is a spherical space-frame structure composed of a complex network of triangles. The linked triangles create a self-bracing framework that is structurally strong yet elegantly delicate. The geodesic dome could be called the manifestation of the phrase less is more, as a minimum of building materials geometrically arranged ensures a design both strong and lightweight- especially when the framework is covered with modern siding materials like ETFE. The design allows massive interior space, free from columns or other supports. A space-frame is the three-dimensional (3D) structural framework that enables a geodesic dome to exist, as opposed to a typical buildings two-dimensional (2D) frame of length and width. The space in this sense is not outer space, although the resultant structures sometimes look like they come from the Age of Space Exploration. The term geodesic is from Latin, meaning earth dividing. A geodesic line is the shortest distance between any two points on a sphere. Inventors of the Geodesic Dome: Domes are a relatively recent invention in architecture.  Ã‚  Romes Pantheon, rebuilt around 125 AD, is one of the oldest large domes. In order to support the weight of the heavy building materials in early domes, the walls beneath were made very thick and the top of the dome became thinner. In the case of the Pantheon in Rome, an open hole or oculus is at the domes apex. The the idea of combining triangles with the architectural arch was pioneered in 1919 by German engineer Dr. Walther Bauersfeld. By 1923, Bauersfeld had designed the worlds first projection planetarium for the Zeiss Company in Jena, Germany. However, it was R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) who conceived and popularized the concept of geodesic domes being used as homes. Fullers first patent for a geodesic dome was issued in 1954. In 1967 his design was shown to the world with Biosphere constructed for Expo 67 in Montreal, Canada. Fuller claimed that it would be possible to enclose mid-town Manhattan in New York City with a two-mile wide temperature-controlled dome like the one presented at the Montreal exposition. The dome, he said, would pay for itself within ten years...just from the savings of snow-removal costs. On the 50th anniversary of receiving a patent for the geodesic dome, R. Buckminster Fuller was commemorated on a US postage stamp in 2004. An index of his patents can be found at the Buckminster Fuller Institute. The triangle continues to be used as a means to strengthen architectural height, as evidenced in many skyscrapers, including One World Trade Center in New York City. Note the massive, elongated triangular sides on this and other tall buildings. About Space-Frame Structures: Dr. Mario Salvadori reminds us that rectangles are not inherently stiff. So, none other than Alexander Graham Bell came up with the idea of triangulating large roof frames to cover large, barrier-free interior spaces. Thus, write Salvadori, the modern space frame sprang from the mind of an electrical engineer and gave rise to a whole family of roofs having the enormous advantage of modular construction, easy assemblage, economy, and visual impact. In 1960, The Harvard Crimson described the geodesic dome as a structure composed of a large number of five-sided figures. If you build your own geodesic dome model, youll get an idea of how triangles are put together to form hexagons and pentagons. The geometry can be assembled to form all kinds of interior spaces, like architect I.M. Peis Pyramid at The Louvre and the gridshell forms used for the tensile architecture of Frei Otto and Shigeru Ban. Additional Definitions: Geodesic Dome: A structure consisting of a multiplicity of similar, light, straight-line elements (usually in tension) which form a grid in the shape of a dome.- Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, p. 227 Space-Frame: A three-dimensional framework for enclosing spaces, in which all members are interconnected and act as a single entity, resisting loads applied in any direction.- Dictionary of Architecture, 3rd ed. Penguin, 1980, p. 304 Examples of Geodesic Domes: Geodesic domes are efficient, inexpensive, and durable. Corrugated metal dome homes have been assembled in undeveloped parts of the world for only hundreds of dollars. Plastic and fiberglass domes are used for sensitive radar equipment in Arctic regions and for weather stations around the world. Geodesic domes are also used for emergency shelter and mobile military housing. The best-known structure built in the manner of a geodesic dome may be Spaceship Earth, the ATT Pavilion at EPCOT in Disney World, Florida. The EPCOT icon is an adaptation of Buckminster Fullers geodesic dome. Other structures using this type of architecture include the Tacoma Dome in Washington State, Milwaukees Mitchell Park Conservatory in Wisconsin, the St. Louis Climatron, the Biosphere desert project in Arizona, the Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden Conservatory in Iowa, and many projects created with ETFE including the Eden Project in Britain. Sources: Why Buildings Stand Up by Mario Salvadori, Norton 1980, McGraw-Hill 1982, p. 162;   Fuller, Nervi Candela to Deliver 1961-62 Norton Lecture Series, The Harvard Crimson, November 15, 1960 [accessed May 28, 2016]; History of Carl Zeiss Planetariums, Zeiss [accessed April 28, 2017]

Bronfenbrenner and Me essays

Bronfenbrenner and Me essays Psychology many times takes us beyond just the definition of words. It expands our minds and makes us think of the second step right after weve just learned the first. Bronfenbrenner is a guy who can exercise our minds to the fullest. A good example would be his ecological theory. His ecological model involves how a person responds to their surroundings. Bronfenbrenners model is based on nurture and the environment. It takes both concepts and builds on them to develop and adapt the individual to society. There are four main levels of Bronfenbrenners model. Ill explain what each four consist of and give examples of how each level plays a role in my life. The first one would be microsystems that is the everyday contact you encounter, such as family and church. Family is where your comfort and support come in effect. They are the only people who stay by your side during the good and bad times you encounter. Church is the place where you can confess all your wrongs and church can help you turn them into rights. Microsystems can help us give us a positive attitude and feel for life. Mesosystems are like the middle of the pack, its like the microsystem plus the microsystem. For example it would be the coach and parent or like a parent teacher conference. Its like a guide to help you achieve a certain goal. Coachs guide us to develop team skills and work with others to win. Parents teach us values in a similar way but in a more important game called life. Parent teacher conferences are just one way to judge these values by school work and behavior conduct. Exosystems are societal institutions that get us aware of whats going on in our society. Such as School systems and the community in general. Exosystems can shape our behaviors by observing others interacting and listening to their views. ...

A Knights Tale

The film achieves this by examining the themes of Destiny, Friendship, Classes and Film techniques. Film also plays a significant role in the movie as they allow the audience to determine hierarchy. One of the most important themes is destiny. The main theme in ‘A Knight’s Tale’ would be destiny. Destiny is what pushes William to believe. When William was a young boy, his father, John Thatcher, sent him away to do another Knight’s bidding, Sir Ector. Through luck, William stumbled upon Sir Ector’s body deceased under a tree and William then gathered his armour and began the journey to fulfil his destiny, also changing his name to Sir Ulrich Von Lichtenstein. â€Å"What’s your name William? I’m asking you William Thatcher, to answer me with your name. It’s not Sir William. It’s not count, or duke or earl William. It’s certainly not King William. † John Thatcher sent William away and said, â€Å"This is the best thing I can give to you. Change the stars and live a better life than I have. † William proves that even though he was born into a low social status, he is able to change his stars. William could not fulfil his destiny without friendship. William was not the only one serving Sir Ector. Wat and Roland were also helping, Wat, Roland and William had a very strong friendship. Friendship is what helped William on his destiny to become a Knight. Without his friends, he would not accomplish his goal. â€Å"Your men love you, if I knew nothing else about you that would be enough. † Prince Edward said this because of friendship. His friends were peasants and from the same class. Friendship helps William to fulfil his destiny and to change his stars. During the medieval era, people had classes. There would be peasants, knights, nobles, kings and queens. In the medieval times, everyone wanted power. William needed power to change his stars. Each class had a certain amount of power. Kings and Queens would have a lot of power over the other class. Nobles such as Jocelyn were on seats, they would have an average amount of power but would not have as much power as kings and queens. Knights are used for entertainment. William and Count Adhemar were applying for Jousting and the nobles enjoy their company. They compete in tournaments such as Jousting and Melee. Peasants would only have little power and would have the least amount of power. Peasants would have to stand up during the tournaments. Women were always doing something that men would not appreciate their work such as Kate who is a blacksmith. William changed his stars by changing his class from peasant to knight. Film techniques was a very important role in ‘A Knight’s Tale’. During the movie, film techniques showed hierarchy. People with high power were looked up upon and people with low power would be looked down upon. During the start of the movie, William was always looked down upon however gradually through the movie. William would sometimes be looked up upon speaking to his servants. William was looked up upon when he became a knight, when he was at the stocks. â€Å"I now knight you Sir William† Prince Edward ‘A Knight’s Tale’ shows the viewer that love has no bounds, you can always change the stars no matter the circumstances. ’ William changed his stars, â€Å"With hard work one can do better himself despite his class

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research paper - Essay Example It assumes that the quality called ‘beauty’ objectively and universally exists. Women must want to embody it and men must want to possess women who embody it†. Her sentiments summarize how the society views women beauty and how it uses the perceived images to manipulate their lives. The sad truth as depicted in Barbie Doll poem is that women more than often fall victims. The stage is set from a normal birth through to a sad premature final journey at the funeral. This poem is a narrative of four stanzas written in a free verse style. Marge Piercy used different tones throughout the poem to pass the critical message of the impact of gender stereotyping on the women in the society. The tone of the poem depicts a depressed and sad life of a girl trying to fit into the expectations of the society but in vain. She uses a well known toy Barbie Doll to pass the message. She vividly describes real cultural and social pressures that young girls and women have to endure on a daily basis. Using culture studies approach, this paper provides a critical analysis of the poem using two different schools of literary criticism: feminist and psychoanalytic criticism to illustrate cultural and social gender stereotype on ideal women beauty and gender roles. Formation of Gender Stereotype According to Sharon Begley, stereotypes â€Å"make people painfully aware of how the society views them.† She argues that such awareness can extensively influence the intellectual ability of the holder as well as performance of other tasks (Begley, 2000 p66). In the poem Barbie Doll, Marge Piercy sets the stage by introducing the historical formative stage of the female beauty and gender role stereotypes. By using Barbie Doll an iconic beautiful toy manufactured by Mattel Toys, and widely adored by American girl children, she illustrates how the society form and transfer stereotypes from one generation to another. In this case, Mattel Toys represents the society and the t oy Barbie Doll bearing Mattel Toys expected characteristics of a beautiful girl or woman is the culture that is passed on to the next generation. The salient characteristics of Barbie Doll are; she has blonde hair, blue eyes, large breasts, a small waist, and large hips. According to Wald 1998, these are the symbol of beauty and are used as the standard to gauge girls’ beauty by society (Wald, 1998, pp. 585-610). The first line of the first stanza, â€Å"This girlchild was born as usual† shows an innocent being brought forth into the world free from any cultural influence. Line 2 – 4, â€Å"and presented dolls that did pee-pee and miniature GE stoves and irons and wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy† shows clearly, the society’s involvement in introducing and propagating gender stereotypes and the perceived gender roles. The items presented to her are symbols of ideal woman. The innocent child is orientated into chauvinistic society – to be a beautiful woman who performs household chores and thus, cultured with expected ideal woman characteristics of beauty (Barbie Doll and lipsticks) and roles (GE stoves and irons). In line 5 – 6 â€Å"Then in the magic of puberty, a classmate said: You have a great big nose and fat legs†

Illegal Immigrants and Their Impact on Jobs in the United States Research Paper

Illegal Immigrants and Their Impact on Jobs in the United States - Research Paper Example Rising costs Injustice Increase in other criminal activities If these issues are addressed in an appropriate manner, it will help us to overcome these problems and the country will be stabilized economically. Problem Recognition: Illegal immigration is itself a grave problem that causes a lot of internal damage to a country. In United States, illegal immigration has reduced employment opportunities for the local citizens of the Unites States. Due to this injustice, the citizens are left with limited or no job opportunities, which increases their frustration with illegal immigrants and the entire social structure of a certain place can be damaged. These illegal immigrants are being paid by their employers or even if they are being paid undercover, we will find the other citizens of the United States of America looking for employment opportunity. It is unethical for the employers to pay the illegal immigrants under the table and even employers are also aware of their unlawful actions. This action also raises discrimination and violation of rights against citizens. As the illegal immigrants are paid under the cover by their employers; they receive more money, they get better employment opportunities than the citizens and then they compete with the other citizens in acquiring the better jobs which gives rise to competition, discrimination, violence and hatred in the society. Also, illegal immigrants do not pay tax because of their illegal status which causes a lot of damage to the economic infrastructure of the country. Therefore it is highly important for the U.S Government to strategize a proper policy to take strong action against employers who hire illegal immigrants and take away the ‘right’ of employment from the citizens. This step will help the economy to recover itself, stabilize the job market condition and equal distribution of rights and opportunities will become available to every citizen. Analysis of the Problem: United States is the only country that is faced with the largest number of illegal immigrants. The rise of illegal immigration is gradually contributing to the increase in U.S population every year. For illegal immigrants, the United States of America is a place with better living conditions and unlimited employment opportunities. Many of the illegal immigrants consider the country as a â€Å"dreamland† where they can make better money and live a high quality life. As a result, every year the country’s population increases due to influx of a large number of illegal immigrants to the United States. It should be remembered that an increase in population is not a worrisome condition. However, it may become such, where a large number of illegal immigrants benefit themselves from the programs created by the government, that are intended to help and facilitate people who do not have affordability or access to benefit themselves for better healthcare facilities, food, medicines and other essential da ily life amenities. These facilities are funded by the tax payers. As the population and the need for these benefits increase, the tax payers are required to pay more tax in order to facilitate the less privileged people on a large scale (Adam David). Hence, we can say that due to large population of illegal immigrants, the less privileged people fail to receive their rights and the tax payers pay more

Management Consulting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Consulting - Essay Example Schuyster undermined this when he mistreated his employees. Excessive and uncontrolled personal spending is another cause of failure in Go Global Case. Schuyster used took the company’s money to buy personal property and fund his extravagance. This took the money that would have gone to paying loans and other company expenses including taxes. This was evidence for poor financial management and ineffective accounting (Go Global Case Study, class notes 1). The dysfunction and breakdown of the founders of Go Global would have been avoided by using alternative dispute resolution methods in settling whatever the difference that arose between them. For example, the founders would have opted to invite the intervention of a mediator who would help them to negotiate for an amicable deal. To avoid the lack of respect for customers and employees, there was need for proper communication channels. Customer complaints should have been directed to the customer relations department and not the management. The management, Schuyster in particular, would have esteemed their employees if there were clear policies that protected their rights. Conducting regular auditing would have helped avoid excessive personal spending. The external auditors contracted should be independent in order to conduct objective assessment and give accurate feedback. Separating personal life from business for example through setting definite salaries for everybody including th e top management of the company would have prevented the use of company funds in personal projects (Longenecker, 2012). As Dirk Schuyster’s consultant, I would have advised him to seek anger management therapy. I would have underscored to him the need to spend quality time and resources in such an initiative because it is an element of personal development, which improves leadership. I would have advised Schuyster

Market research to the success of a new business Essay

Market research to the success of a new business - Essay Example The market research processes help the entrepreneur of the venture to gather relevant information regarding the external business situation based on which he or she can take the suitable marketing and management decisions for the business. The carrying out of a suitable market research can be done through the internal personnel of the company as well as through a third party market research company. Whatever the avenue of the market research is, the results of a market research are expected to add value to the probability of success of the business in the market through an understanding of the external factors that are likely to affect the success as well as the continuity of the business Market research is an essential strategic management tool for the creation of a feasible business plan that would enable a new business venture to initially create a place for itself in the highly competitive business segments and to thrive in the market in the long run as well. Market research conducted for a start up venture is essentially the process of becoming knowledgeable and gathering information about the target market of a new business (Malhotra, 2002). A market research process may serve four types of primary objectives which are Predictive: The predictive view is aimed at analyzing the future trends, opportunities, risks and requirements of the market which helps the company to decide on its priorities and set its objectives and strategies. Descriptive: The descriptive view of market research considers the explanation and description of the existing market situations and aims at identifying the core reasons driving the present market condition (McDonald, 2007). Market research helps a business to understand the context for the new business, accurately define and target the appropriate customer segment, verify whether there is an advantageous level for demand for the products and/or services of the business in the selected market, collect

FAMILY LAW - [Debate] This house believes that English law should be Essay

FAMILY LAW - [Debate] This house believes that English law should be amended to permit same-sex couples to - Essay Example Therefore, this means that the state or county is liable for the successful implementation of the rights that are required by the common citizens so that the people can conduct these marriages and register their marriages through proper law. With the introduction of the act of defense of marriage, the people found it easy somehow and got a way clear on how to go about and encounter various problems and issues because this act was clear in its order that marriage by definition was the union of a man with a woman. So the people were aware that what type of struggle was coming their way for getting their points transferred successfully in the upper houses of the United Kingdom. Moreover, at the present time there is no dedicated agency that has recognition on government level for this same sex marriage that people have forced for legalization. Those people who agree to the point that the law of United Kingdom should be amended to permit the same sex marriage present various reasons in t heir favor. The very first point that they put forward is that if at any moment of time, any place in the country, if two people are having a relationship, then it is not the job of the government to know about and furthermore intervene into their relationship and label it illegal. These people should have their own rights equal as other citizens, and therefore there is need to have a definition of the nature and the extent of relationship that these couples can have legally. The same sex marriage advocates are of the view that their points and issues should be addressed and therefore the government should include the interests and recognition of the appropriate and committed people in their relationship and thus their rights to be respected by everyone. Therefore, if the laws of the UK are amended for stabilizing and legalizing the same sex marriage then simultaneously there would result in reduction in the need of the society to support these people and to treat them artificially. The people in the society mainly ensure that each of the spouses of the couple has got appropriate safety and thus an argument presented by the supporters of the same sex marriage there is practically no difference in the abilities possessed by the same sex and the opposite sex in fulfilling their commitments about anything they are suppose to do. An argument that arises due to the belief of the government to be involved in the marriage is that the issues that usually come forth due to the sexual acts between men and women and these people are of the view that the education of the children is well carried about if they live among their biological parents but at the same time there is much less chances of conflicts in same sex marriage as compared to opposite sex marriage. With all the points put forward by the advocates of the same sex marriage, the other point of view that goes against this type of marriage are also there. These people argue that the society of the United Kingdom that we live in encourages the legal marriages that is they prefer the monogamy type of marriage as they are of

Management Consulting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Consulting - Essay Example Schuyster undermined this when he mistreated his employees. Excessive and uncontrolled personal spending is another cause of failure in Go Global Case. Schuyster used took the company’s money to buy personal property and fund his extravagance. This took the money that would have gone to paying loans and other company expenses including taxes. This was evidence for poor financial management and ineffective accounting (Go Global Case Study, class notes 1). The dysfunction and breakdown of the founders of Go Global would have been avoided by using alternative dispute resolution methods in settling whatever the difference that arose between them. For example, the founders would have opted to invite the intervention of a mediator who would help them to negotiate for an amicable deal. To avoid the lack of respect for customers and employees, there was need for proper communication channels. Customer complaints should have been directed to the customer relations department and not the management. The management, Schuyster in particular, would have esteemed their employees if there were clear policies that protected their rights. Conducting regular auditing would have helped avoid excessive personal spending. The external auditors contracted should be independent in order to conduct objective assessment and give accurate feedback. Separating personal life from business for example through setting definite salaries for everybody including th e top management of the company would have prevented the use of company funds in personal projects (Longenecker, 2012). As Dirk Schuyster’s consultant, I would have advised him to seek anger management therapy. I would have underscored to him the need to spend quality time and resources in such an initiative because it is an element of personal development, which improves leadership. I would have advised Schuyster

FAMILY LAW - [Debate] This house believes that English law should be Essay

FAMILY LAW - [Debate] This house believes that English law should be amended to permit same-sex couples to - Essay Example Therefore, this means that the state or county is liable for the successful implementation of the rights that are required by the common citizens so that the people can conduct these marriages and register their marriages through proper law. With the introduction of the act of defense of marriage, the people found it easy somehow and got a way clear on how to go about and encounter various problems and issues because this act was clear in its order that marriage by definition was the union of a man with a woman. So the people were aware that what type of struggle was coming their way for getting their points transferred successfully in the upper houses of the United Kingdom. Moreover, at the present time there is no dedicated agency that has recognition on government level for this same sex marriage that people have forced for legalization. Those people who agree to the point that the law of United Kingdom should be amended to permit the same sex marriage present various reasons in t heir favor. The very first point that they put forward is that if at any moment of time, any place in the country, if two people are having a relationship, then it is not the job of the government to know about and furthermore intervene into their relationship and label it illegal. These people should have their own rights equal as other citizens, and therefore there is need to have a definition of the nature and the extent of relationship that these couples can have legally. The same sex marriage advocates are of the view that their points and issues should be addressed and therefore the government should include the interests and recognition of the appropriate and committed people in their relationship and thus their rights to be respected by everyone. Therefore, if the laws of the UK are amended for stabilizing and legalizing the same sex marriage then simultaneously there would result in reduction in the need of the society to support these people and to treat them artificially. The people in the society mainly ensure that each of the spouses of the couple has got appropriate safety and thus an argument presented by the supporters of the same sex marriage there is practically no difference in the abilities possessed by the same sex and the opposite sex in fulfilling their commitments about anything they are suppose to do. An argument that arises due to the belief of the government to be involved in the marriage is that the issues that usually come forth due to the sexual acts between men and women and these people are of the view that the education of the children is well carried about if they live among their biological parents but at the same time there is much less chances of conflicts in same sex marriage as compared to opposite sex marriage. With all the points put forward by the advocates of the same sex marriage, the other point of view that goes against this type of marriage are also there. These people argue that the society of the United Kingdom that we live in encourages the legal marriages that is they prefer the monogamy type of marriage as they are of

The end of the book Essay Example for Free

The end of the book Essay Mr and Mrs Birling are holding onto a pretence and are proud and do not want to be proven wrong. Unlike Sheila who has become humbled through this conversation in the evening.  After the family discover that the Inspector was a hoax, Sheila still does not believe he came to trick them; she thinks he came to teach the Birlings and Gerald a lesson about unselfishness and caring for others rather than themselves. She says that the facts are still the same, that the family were still very selfish and uncaring. Sheila is the character who has learnt the most. Her refusal to retake the engagement ring shows that she has matured at the end of the evening. She approaches Gerald in a different manner, as she now understands that she doesnt know Gerald properly, the way she should. She has to start all over again to get to know him. She realises that she and Gerald must be honest with each other if theres to be any relationship between them. She says, You and I arent the same people who sat down to dinner here. Wed have to start all over again, getting to know each other There could be many explanations for why Sheila Birling responding to the Inspectors and why her father Mr Birling did not. Sheila reacted very positively and understood the Inspector because the Inspector was asking at her lever; a level that she would understand.  Sheila is more of a sensitive character and is very vulnerable; someone can very easily make her change her views. Since she is still young, and she is not set in her ways, she has not yet created her own philosophies and ideas as her father has; she can be influenced by the opinions of other, especially as this Inspector had an imposing presence and also used very emotional tactics to convey his message.  As proven at the end of the play, the Inspector was in reality not an Inspector. The author leaves us in suspense as to who this may be.  I believe, Mr Goole could be a socialist who has been studying the case of Eva Smith for many years and now realizes all the trouble she has gone through, decides to teach the Birlings a lesson, as to show them how selfish they are. He could also be a prophetic character from the unreal world, like for example, an angel or a fairy come on behalf of the poor oppressed young Eva, again solely to teach the family a lesson.  Mr Goole could also be a friend or relative of Eva Smith who cares about Eva and is very upset and angry about how she has been treated, therefore comes to avenge her oppressors in some way.  He could be some sort of prophet or messenger come from God to avenge the poor girl and to teach the Birlings something important. He could be a polite Inspector from another district who came to work on the case.  J.B. Priestley is a sociologist and in the play, the Inspector expounds many socialist ideas about having a fair world, etc. Therefore, the Inspector is representing Mr Priestley as a sociologist to convey his message to viewers.  The Inspectors voice is also the authors voice; all the authors ideas and philosophies are portrayed as correct with the help of the Inspector and Mr Birling, who is a capitalist and proven wrong at the end of the book.

Strengths To The Tourism Industry In Greece Tourism Essay

Strengths To The Tourism Industry In Greece Tourism Essay Secondly, Greece has a family-friendly environment, making it ideal for tourists of all nationalities and creeds. One of the factors that contribute to this is its hot, dry Mediterranean climate, with an average of 290 days of sunshine a year. The capital city, Athens, has an average of only seven days of rain during summer and daytime temperatures in the low thirties  [4]  . These ideal climate conditions make it more accessible for tourists to experience the plethora of outdoor activities that are available, from swimming at Greeces picturesque beaches and yachting, to more rigorous activities such as mountain climbing and long-distance trekking to see some of the countrys most ancient landmarks and artefacts in the most inconspicuous locations. Finally, Greece has a sense of individuality and uniqueness to it. In comparison with other European countries that may claim to have a long history, Greece has one of the oldest civilisations and cultures outside of the Middle East. Infact, many historians perceive Greece as the cradle of Western civilisation, as well as the origin of democracy, the Olympic games, Western literature, political science, Western philosophy, and major scientific and mathematical principles  [5]  . This is validated by the fact that 17 UNESCO World Heritage sites  [6]  can be found around the country. Therefore, many foreigners see the countrys rich culture and history as a major attraction that intrigues them and inspires them to visit Greece. However, amidst the current strengths in tourism industry are some weaknesses and barriers to the tourism industry development. One of the strengths mentioned earlier has also proven to be a weakness: climate, or more precisely, seasonality problems. Mediterranean climates are characterised by hot and dry summers, and also have mild and wet winters. The peak season for travel to Greece is May-September, which is further supported by the fact that an overwhelming 75% of all tourists who travel to Greece travel during this period  [7]  . That means only a paltry 25% of the tourists travel between October-April. Although the cooler months in Greece dont have sub-zero temperatures like its other Eastern European neighbours, the large amount of rain the country receives during this period serves as a deterrent for people who enjoy outdoor activities and sightseeing. Therefore, the revenue levels of a lot of local businesses that rely heavily on tourism decrease substantially during th is period of time. Another major weakness is the lack of public transport infrastructure and accessibility. While countries such as Singapore, Japan, United Kingdom and Germany have reputable public transport systems; it is a hassle to travel to some of the most majestic and beautiful parts of Greece. This is because the country as very spread out and the population density, when compared to its European counterparts, are very low, ranked 115th in the world with 85.7 people per square kilometre  [8]  . A lot of people may see the public transport infrastructure as a negative, because they want to travel between locations with minimal complications. Other major weaknesses and barriers include marketing and management. Although countries like France and Germany have managed to modernise themselves despite their long histories and have made themselves more cosmopolitan and attractive to younger people, Greece has, to a large extent, chosen to remain stuck in the past and relied heavily on its 3500+ year history to promote its tourism industry. This is an obstacle when it comes to targeting potential tourists who may not have the same level of appreciation for things related to historical matters. In other words, Greece tourism promotion and marketing hasnt evolved with the times, leaving potential tourists with a fixed stereotype of the country and hence little opportunity for surprise. The weaknesses and barriers to the tourism industry development lead to an issue that may benefit the Greek tourism industry as a whole: what are the opportunities to enhance the tourisms economic contribution? Well, as one of the weaknesses mentioned earlier, there is an opportunity to improve the public transportation. An improvement in this area could lead to a vast increase in tourism for the Greek Islands off the mainland of Greece, and overall, an increase in tourism for Greece. Places such as Mykonos, Crete, Rhodes and Kassos could all experience a large inflation in tourist numbers, hence leading to increased revenues and profits for the local businesses in those respective areas. Continued improvement in infrastructure and technology will also go a long way towards enhancing the tourisms economic contribution. Giving the country a modern appeal will help to counteract the weakness mentioned earlier about Greeces outdated marketing techniques in the area of tourism promotion. Finally, a decrease in accommodation prices may lead to an influx of tourists. As we know, not everyone can afford to stay in four or five-star accommodation. In 2009, Athens was named the city with the 10th most expensive hotel prices in the world, with the average hotel in Athens costing AUD $321 a night  [9]  . This price is deemed to be very expensive for people in the middle and lower-class income brackets and may deter them from visiting Greece in the first place. Affordable accommodation may be able to break the mindset that Greece is an expensive place to travel. There are various threats that need to be overcome, in order to enhance Greeces reputation as a safe and hospitable tourist destination. The first issue is riots. Major riots occurring in December 2008  [10]  and more recently, May 2010  [11]  , have tarnished Greeces reputation as a safe destination. This has had adverse effect on the tourism industry, with pre-bookings being down 8% for the peak-season in comparison to last year. With tourism being absolutely pivotal to Greeces economy, equating to 17% of its Gross Domestic Product, any sharp decline in this amount could be detrimental to the Greek economy on a whole. Also related to the issue of safety are two terrorist attacks that occurred last year  [12]  13. Environmental pollution is another threat to the tourism industry that needs to be confronted. This problem emanates back to the 1970s  [14]  , when rapid industrialisation began to take place in Greece. This industrialisation culminated in serious air pollution in Athens during the 1980s. Smog (carbon monoxide) and exhaust fumes from cars became prevalent in Athens and even resulted in 87 industries and 73 factories being order to cease production  [15]  , due to the governments concerns over the effects the pollution was having on peoples respiratory systems. The widespread ramifications of this problem dont stop there. Various species of mammals, reptiles, birds and freshwater fish are on the brink of extinction because of failure to minimise the pollution5  [16]  . The issue of political intervention appears as a threat to the tourist industry. The recent riots in May 2010 were the result of protests against the governments austerity decisions to combat the countrys large sovereign debt levels  [17]  18. Countries with political instability and countries that impose austere decisions, which are likely to lead to civil unrest, make the country less attractive to foreigners and hence will find it very difficult to attract potential tourists. So far, we have discussed the current strengths, weakness and barriers of the Greek tourism industry, as well as potential benefits and threats that could either enhance or decimate the industry. Combining the main points discussed in this research, we can extrapolate implications for specific strategies of industry, government and the community to enhance the economic impacts of tourism in Greece. In our opinion, we believe there are three main implications. Firstly, there should be a strategy to consolidate on the profitable and competitive Greek tourism industry, both in the short-term and more importantly, long-term future. Possible techniques to achieve this objective include improving the marketing and promotion, aim to increase levels of tourism and try to promote different types of tourism to appeal to a wider variety of people. Improvements in these areas should lead to a considerable increase in revenues and profits for businesses in Greece that rely on tourism and will allow Greece to maintain strong percentages of tourism in its GDP (as mentioned earlier, 17% of GDP in the Greek economy is derived from the tourism industry). Secondly, there should be an increasing need to cultivate and maintain Greek tourist destinations and attractions, which thereby will lead to economic prosperity in the future. This strategy is concerned with improving the environment, public transportation infrastructure, general infrastructure and decreasing pollution. By improving the standard of public facilities, making transport more accessible for tourists and improving legislation to decrease pollution, not only will it appeal to more potential tourists, but furthermore, Greece will develop a reputation as a nation that cares for the general wellbeing of people and will take the respective measures to make a tourists experience as enjoyable and pleasant as possible. Finally, there should be a strategy for improving the general satisfaction of tourists. This may be achieved through improving general services and also promoting different types of tourism for the people of varying economic backgrounds. For example, the Greek tourism industry should promote certain holiday packages for the higher-income earners who may want to experience a bit more extravagance and luxury, packages for families with small children, packages for those who are on a budget and so on. Certain types of lifestyles (attributed to the amount of money the tourist is willing to spend) should be targeted to achieve this objective.

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Shakespeare, Romeo Juliet

Do you believe in fate? To answer the question, you must first have a correct idea of what fate is. A definition of fate would be the power that is supposed to settle ahead of time how things will happen. Could there be such a power that rules our lives, and if so, why? Romeo and Juliet, the two young lovers in William Shakespeare' s Romeo and Juliet, ended up becoming a large part of what could be called "fate". Fate seemed to control their lives and force them together, becoming a large part of their love, and the ending of their parent's hatred. Fate became the ultimate control power in this play, and plays a large part in modern everyday life, even if we don't recognize it. Maybe we don't recognize it because we choose not to, or don't have faith like we used to, but the fact remains that fate controls what we do throughout all of our lives. A large part of the beliefs for both Romeo and Juliet involve fate. They believed in the stars, and that their actions weren't always their own. Romeo, for example, 1.4.115-120, he says, "Some consequence yet hanging in the stars...by some vile forfeit of untimely death. But he that hath the steerage over my course Direct my sail." He's basically saying to his friends that he had a dream which leads him to believe that he will die young because of something in the stars, something that will happen. He ends with "...he that hath steerage over my course..." which implies that he does not have control over his life if he looks to another power above himself to direct him. He does not feel that he is the one who makes decisions, it is all a higher purpose, a different power. We're all sort of like the puppets below the puppeteer. He's asking for that puppeteer to direct his "sail," or his life, in the right direction. Fate directs us all like the puppets on the end of it's string, and I believe strongly in it. It is, in many ways, the mystical power that controls who and what we become, and it explains that which can not be explained. Romeo was looking to this power, asking of this power to direct him, not to an untimely death as he foresaw in his dream, but to just steer him, because that is the control which he knows he does not have over himself.

Comparison of the Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and

The Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe   The characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe are portrayed as resembling trained soldiers, being capable of clear thought during tense and troubled times. This quality possessed within Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver is a result of the author's background and knowledge. Daniel Defoe was knowledgeable and proficient in seamanship, he understood the workings of a ship and the skills required for its operation. Daniel Defoe, an intelligent man who is knowledgeable in self defense and military tactics, which is reflected in the actions of Robinson Crusoe who insists on always one step ahead of his opponent, wether it be an enemy, nature or himself. Robinson Crusoe is the know all, does all type of person. He becomes stranded on a desolate island and does whatever is necessary to survive. After being on the island for several years Crusoe learns to adapt to his surroundings (an important feature in becoming a good soldier) and lives with what he has. In the 17th century, the Catholic reform was sweeping through many parts of Europe. The period from 1600 to about 1750 is known as the Baroque Era. Throughout this period the Catholic Church was fighting back against the effects of the Renaissance. The people of the Renaissance society started to question their beliefs in the church and tried to rationally explain the world around them. Several crusades were fought throughout this period and in the end England and France became "Christianized." Robinson Crusoe was published during the Baroque Era and it contained a great amount of Catholicism. Crusoe becomes a good Christian during his lonely stay on the deserted island and converts his companion F... ... an attorney, a traitor, or the like: this is all according to the due course of things: but when I behold a lump of deformity and diseases, both in body and mind, smitten with pride, it im-mediatly breaks all the measures of my patience; neither shall I be ever able to comprehend how such an animal and such a vice could tally together. (Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels) Both Gulliver and Robinson are changing characters. At first they could not see the hidden details of life. But through solitude, trauma, conquest and failure have allowed both characters to realize the achievements, failures, and stupidity of man kind. Being able to rationalize from experience and calculation is a quality of a soldier. Works Cited: Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York: Bantam Books, 1991 ("Defoe") Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver's Travels. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1959 Comparison of the Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and The Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe   The characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe are portrayed as resembling trained soldiers, being capable of clear thought during tense and troubled times. This quality possessed within Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver is a result of the author's background and knowledge. Daniel Defoe was knowledgeable and proficient in seamanship, he understood the workings of a ship and the skills required for its operation. Daniel Defoe, an intelligent man who is knowledgeable in self defense and military tactics, which is reflected in the actions of Robinson Crusoe who insists on always one step ahead of his opponent, wether it be an enemy, nature or himself. Robinson Crusoe is the know all, does all type of person. He becomes stranded on a desolate island and does whatever is necessary to survive. After being on the island for several years Crusoe learns to adapt to his surroundings (an important feature in becoming a good soldier) and lives with what he has. In the 17th century, the Catholic reform was sweeping through many parts of Europe. The period from 1600 to about 1750 is known as the Baroque Era. Throughout this period the Catholic Church was fighting back against the effects of the Renaissance. The people of the Renaissance society started to question their beliefs in the church and tried to rationally explain the world around them. Several crusades were fought throughout this period and in the end England and France became "Christianized." Robinson Crusoe was published during the Baroque Era and it contained a great amount of Catholicism. Crusoe becomes a good Christian during his lonely stay on the deserted island and converts his companion F... ... an attorney, a traitor, or the like: this is all according to the due course of things: but when I behold a lump of deformity and diseases, both in body and mind, smitten with pride, it im-mediatly breaks all the measures of my patience; neither shall I be ever able to comprehend how such an animal and such a vice could tally together. (Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels) Both Gulliver and Robinson are changing characters. At first they could not see the hidden details of life. But through solitude, trauma, conquest and failure have allowed both characters to realize the achievements, failures, and stupidity of man kind. Being able to rationalize from experience and calculation is a quality of a soldier. Works Cited: Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York: Bantam Books, 1991 ("Defoe") Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver's Travels. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1959